The Lovely Bones Detailed Quote Synopsis Essay Example for Free

The Lovely Bones Detailed Quote Synopsis Essay My quote is â€Å"Had my brother really seen me somehow, or was he merely a little boy telling beautiful lies? † on page 95. Susie had said this while she was observing her brother from heaven. This quote has significance because I believe that Susie wants to be remembered, because as she said on page 91, â€Å"I had never even let myself yearn for Buckley, afraid he might see my image in a mirror or a bottle cap. Like everyone else I was trying to protect him†. Perhaps the reason Buckley was so casual with pointing out that he saw his sister was because he had already seen her before, he mentions he does on page 92 when he tells Nate, â€Å"Last night she came in and kissed me on my cheek†. I think the reason we don’t hear of Buckley seeing Susie earlier is because Susie does not focus her attention on Buckley in order to protect him, instead she is watching the rest of her family more closely. Buckley wouldn’t be telling his parents or sister this because the family believes that he is to young and cannot understand what has actually happened to his sister. Therefore, Susie would not have seen or heard any talks of it amongst the parents. Buckley had kept seeing his sister to himself. So he resorted to saying it to his friend Nate, who is of the same age and won’t hold it against him. I think that by her trying not to be seen and not paying much attention to Buckley it causes him to actually see her. I believe that this quote will continue to connect to the characters throughout the story based on the fact that she hides herself from Buckley because she wants to protect him, but she wants to show herself to her father, when he’s upset she wanted to be there and help him but she couldn’t. As Susie states on page 46, â€Å"It was then that, without knowing how, I revealed myself. In every piece of glass, in every shard and silver, I cast my face. † She didn’t mean for her dad to see her when he did. I think when she is not meaning to be seen, that is when someone really does see her. But when she really wants to be there and help out the people she loves, she won’t be seen. The quote of Susie revealing herself to her father also did state that she didn’t know how she revealed herself. If this is possible, she may have revealed herself to Buckley without her knowing it either. I believe that the quote , â€Å"had my brother really seen me somehow or was he merely a little boy telling beautiful lies? † will continue to connect to the story because Susie will continue to have herself revealed to the people on Earth without her knowing it, so long as she is still there watching everyone on it.

Ascendency Through Knowledge Essay -- Intellectual History, Sociology,

Ascendency through Knowledge New Atlantis begins with the apparent utopian society successfully synthesizing scientific endeavor and achievement with Christian theology. This revelation is only half-hearted; Bacon’s true motive is nothing less than the subversion of Christian scholastic dogma and replacing it with material wellbeing through scientific scholarship as outlined in Bacon’s works. Through proper method a different kind of knowledge could be acquired liberating human destiny from divine intervention. Bacon’s knowledge empowers mankind reducing suffering and improving our wellbeing. â€Å"Wherefore, as in religion we are warned to show our faith by works, so in philosophy by the same rule the system should be judged by its fruits, and pronounced frivolous if it be barren,† (New Organon, Bacon, 12) Bacon in the 17th century elevated the measure for knowledge where it must be able to produce useful works separating itself from the past. Intellectual history as a discipline and as a way of thinking about the world has a history. Ideas and ways of thinking and ways of understanding the world have a history. Considering the history of human achievement whether we are talking about political history, economic history, military history, and gender history nothing compares in raw measure to our living history. This history includes what we think is possible or what is impossible. How we think about the world determines our relationship to it. Human thought has a history, which the way we think in modern times is not the way people have understood it or thought about it. Humanity changes how we think about the natural world, what is out there to be known? What is the stuff of the world? Why things happen? What is good evidence?... ...ist Bacon explains is a wise man or member of Solomon’s House where after receiving the heavenly manuscripts falls to his knees and remarked, â€Å"†¦to those of our order to know thy works of creation, and true secrets of them; and to discern, as far as appertaineth to the generations of men†¦.† (Bacon, New Atlantis, 67) Bacon outlines knowledge not from deduction from authority but induction from the distinct events in nature. Through patient observation we may form considerate thoughtful generalizations, where we may test these generalizations always refining and always open to new avenues of experimentation. Bacon’s Knowledge is verifiable and productive, the New Atlantis was dedicated to human knowledge and with it the technological progress that empowered humanity this view was in contrast to the scholastic perspective of an unchanging, contemplative universe.

Budget Essay

Here you should describe how you arrived at your sales forecast in section 2. 1. You should also provide any detailed calculations that led you to the sales forecast values. You should also summarize any research or figures that led you to make this sales forecast. Note: your description of assumptions should also include a reference to an authoritative, outside (non-text, etc. ) resource cited in â€Å"Section 6. 0 Works Cited†. Here you should provide a screenshot of your capital expenditure budget, also listing the sources of data and assumptions that led to each line item in table format. Briefly describe the total investment and, if necessary, why major items are necessary to achieve the company’s strategy. Note: on the internet, you can research â€Å"capital expenditures† in the Internal Revenue Code – not on the IRS website – and that will help you identify the types of expenditures that should be distinguished from other expenses. From there, you can research the internet for examples of capital expenditure budgets to get an idea of the formatting or review the examples at http://office. microsoft. com/en-us/excel-help/ Briefly describe the NVP, IRR, accounting rate of return, and payback period for all 5 years of this analysis. Indicate the discount rate you used, and how you arrived at it. Note: your description of assumptions should also include a reference to an authoritative, outside (non-text, etc. ) resource cited in â€Å"Section 6. 0   provides examples of each of the Section items required below, so review those examples and tutorials very carefully to ensure maximum points.

The Use Of Dna Tests For Hair And Blood Samples - 897 Words

Evidence to Convict Innocent People Scientific breakthroughs now allow the use of DNA tests for hair and blood samples that are about as reliable as fingerprint matching. While the evidence assists law enforcement, it allows defense attorneys to reopen cases to reevaluate solving crimes. Introduction When was the last time you have mistaken someone’s identity? What did the last person in class have on today? Wrongful convictions may begin during the investigative process. Police misconduct or mistaken eyewitness testimony can ruin the rest of a person’s life. The criminal justice system can be changed to prevent the latter by reforming the type of evidence allowed to be used when convicting a person. Most cases of wrongful conviction are either police initiated, which begin with the assumption that a specific person is guilty, or witness initiated, which contains an articulate eyewitness testimony. Police Initiated Police investigations often begin with tunnel vision. Tunnel vision occurs when the police focus on one suspect and do not go through a thorough investigation. Tunnel vision usually obtains biases and the real criminal gets off free. They contain faulty labs, the â€Å"old boy method†, and manufacturing evidence to fill in holes. They also contain police misconduct by the use of snitches (con game), accomplices (turning in of a partner for a lighter sentence), and coerced confessions. Witness Initiated Witness initiated convictions are usually forShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Dna Evidence1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of DNA Evidence What is DNA? Is it these winding strands that look like ladders or is it what gives a person blonde hair and blue eyes? Actually, DNA is both of these things. DNA is a person’s genetic makeup–their hereditary blueprint passed on by their parents. It is a part of almost every cell in the human body. In each cell, a person’s DNA is the same; it stays the same throughout their lifetime. DNA is found in skin tissue, sweat, bone, the root and shaft of hair, earwax, mucus,Read MoreDna And Ethics Of Recombinant Dna1601 Words   |  7 Pages Recombinant DNA and Ethics Brooke Boland BIO/410 - Genetics October 23, 2017 Miranda Gauthier Recombinant DNA and Ethics Recombinant DNA technology has become a powerful influence to many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Genetic modifications of plants, animals and other organisms have allowed scientists to improve the quality of human life. As genetic engineering continues to rapidly grow, many ethical, social and legal issues arise evaluating the risksRead MoreHair Analysis : Forensic Science966 Words   |  4 PagesProject Trichology is the study of hair. Interestingly, this study dates back to mid-1800s. However, hair analysis in forensic science began in 1930. During which time, a forensic scientist by the name of Edmond Locard introduced the Locard Exchange Principal. This principal hinges on the fact that any time there is contact between two surfaces an exchange of material will take place. (Oien, 2009) In this paper, I will prove how Forensic Hair Analysis and Forensic Hair comparison and studies if properlyRead MoreDna Analysis : Dna Profiling725 Words   |  3 PagesTammy Venhuda Mrs. Paris P.4 English 7-8 10-20-17 DNA Profiling Hook: Have you ever thought about your personal DNA and why it is important to you? Besides showing factors of how you grow, develop, and function, your DNA has more to it. What is DNA profiling? DNA profiling is when someone uses DNA to identify someone, make sure someone is not being wrongly accused, or to claim criminals. But there are pros and cons to DNA profiling. This is because some people are for it and others are againstRead MoreA Brief Look at DNA Profiling1366 Words   |  6 PagesDNA profiling has several advantages in helping solve crimes, however, there are still disadvantages to this technique. DNA profiling can be beneficial, as well as detrimental to the society we live in. DNA profiling has become the most widely used tool in the field of forensics because of the advantages it has to offer, although there are some drawbacks when it comes to utilizing this technique. DNA profiling has greatly enhanced law enforcement investigation by helping determine the suspect i nRead MoreForensic Examination Of Forensic Science1434 Words   |  6 Pagespossibly lead to a suspect. The reliability of forensic evidence testing is a widely debated topic in the world of forensic science. The new â€Å"Gold† standard in evidence is DNA analysis, because of its reliability. Finger printing as well as ballistics are often used but are said to be imperfect compared to DNA analysis. DNA analysis is deemed the most reliable because it has faced rigorous scientific experimentation. Fingerprinting is one of the oldest tool of forensic analysis. Fingerprinting isRead MoreDna Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1372 Words   |  6 Pagesalthough police were able to obtain a semen sample from her murderer the case remained unsolved. In 1986 the killer struck again murdering 15 year old Dawn Ashworth, once again leaving behind semen, but this time the police were able to use DNA profiling to match the semen to a suspect. Colin Pitchfork became the first person to be caught based on mass DNA screening, and the first to be convicted based on DNA profiling. The use of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) in the criminal justice system has greatlyRead More Dna And Crime Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pages DNA and Crime nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Deoxyribonucleic Acid - the fingerprint of life also know as DNA was first mapped out in the early 1950’s by British biophysicist, Francis Harry Compton Crick and American biochemist James Dewey Watson. They determined the three-dimensional structure of DNA, the substance that passes on the genetic characteristics from one generation to the next. DNA is found in the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. quot;Every family line has it’s own unique patternRead MoreEffects Of Temperature On The Quality Of Dna Extracted From Manila Envelopes1526 Words   |  7 Pagesquality of DNA extracted from Manila envelopes Research Proposal Janet Boateng November 15,2014 First draft Forensic Biology 5410 Abstract/summary: In the case of mail threat to an individual, it is possible that DNA evidence could be left by the perpetrator on the adhesive strip of a manila envelope. The process of delivery mail via U.S. Postal Services may take from 3-7 business days, with temperature factoring into the quality of analysis of any DNA. If mailRead MoreThe Crime Scene Investigation Training1735 Words   |  7 PagesTraining Report includes a brief outline of two training modules: Hair and Crime Scene Training-Blood Crime Scene Training. These modules provide Crime Scene Investigation trainees with the adequate information they need to prepare them to know what to look for when looking for blood and hair samples at a crime scene. This also instructs the trainee the significance of how to avoid tampering with evidence and how to properly collect a sample. The men and women trainees have classroom tutorials on the

The Hungry Tide, By Amitav Ghosh - 1377 Words

Nature cannot be separated from humanity. This may seem obvious as humans are a part of the natural world, but too many times people often overlook this fact of their existence. Most likely this is a result of movements such as the Industrial Revolution which has brought man from the natural environment to an artificial environment. In the beginning, and even now, this has been seen as a luxury and a testimony to the power of mankind. It seems as if man has outsmarted nature. However, we are only now beginning to see the true effects of this seeming victory, as climate change becomes a more threatening and inescapable force. In the novel The Hungry Tide, author, Amitav Ghosh, uses a cross between narration and environmentalism as a†¦show more content†¦In this description, the sun and tide become personified in the active voice. This is not true personification because Ghosh still uses the pronoun â€Å"it† to describe both of the natural elements. However, the use of the active voice creates a sense of personification because it gives a feeling of action to objects we do not normally think to act. By doing this, the author forces the reader to acknowledge that all of nature is alive and active in somewhat similar ways as humans. Even the nature of objects like the sun and a river are alive despite their lack of biology. Their life does not come from cells but from the movement and patterns of their cycles, like the cycle of the sunrise in the morning and the sunset in the evening. The difference between the life of nature and the life of human beings, and other biological creatures exist in time. Compared to the lifespan of the natural world, humanity’s lifespan as a whole is a tiny speck. Nature existed before humanity and can go on existing even after the end of humanity. In an article on climate change, written by Chakrabrty, he uses the words â€Å"finitude of humanity† to describe this possibility of nature living on without humans. This possibility is ever increasing as climate change continues to threaten human’s very existence byShow MoreRelatedThe Hungry Tide By Amitav Ghosh1232 Words   |  5 Pagestransform itself and settle in fiction in order to come into light. Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide giving its way to full length discussions on various globally concerned concepts is definitely a thoughtful attempt of providing a space that can capture that panic universal cry of dispossessed people, which, many a times, fails to secure any place in the mainstream recording of history. DISCUSSION The novel, The Hungry Tide, though on the surface level ostensibly poses the state of Nash-equilibriumRead MoreAmitav Ghosh the Hungry Tide and the Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano5089 Words   |  21 PagesBoth The Hungry Tide and The Interesting Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano are tales of sociological hardships combined with a life bound to the sea. The ocean plays a significant role in the text offering disempowerment to some whilst empowering others. In The Interesting Narrative the slave trade was in full swing and a capitalist attitude heavily dominates the text, whilst in The Hungry Tide capitalism plays a smaller role and the humanitarian backdrop of the story is a more central theme. In thisRead MoreThe Question of Ideology in Amitav Ghoshs the Hungry Tide5019 Words   |  21 PagesThe Question of Ideology in Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide The stalwarts of Indian writing in English like Salman Rushdie, Khushwant Singh, Mukul Kesavan, Vikram Chandra, Amitav Ghosh and the like, are writing in a postcolonial space using novel as a means of cultural representation. Their novels are generally assumed to be engaged in postcolonial consciousness but a close study of the thematic range proves that the novels also attempt to universalized humanistic gesture, for human nature and socialRead MoreThe Transcendent Dimension Of Ecology Essay1878 Words   |  8 PagesThe Transcendent Dimension of Ecology in Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide Dr. R. Badhridevanath, Assist. Prof. English IQAC Coordinator, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autnomous) Elayampalayam Tamilnadu bathridevanath@gmail.com Charles Godwin, Asst. Prof. of English, Akash Degree College, Bangalore. Charlesgodwin.k@gmail.com Ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment. The word ‘Eco’ and ‘Critic’ is derived from theRead MoreVision of Man-Woman Relationship in The Hungry Tide2369 Words   |  10 PagesRusdie, Shobha De, Manju Kapoor, Amitav Ghosh etc. deal with this theme minutely in Indian social milieu. Amitav Ghosh, an anthropologist-cum-novelist possesses a deep knowledge of human psyche regarding man-woman relationships. He is concerned with the inner world of his characters. He tries to look for the deep desires, emotions and feelings felt by his characters and shows them as the influencing factor behind their action. In his novel ‘The Hungry Tide’ (2004), Ghosh chiefly focuses on the extensiveRead MoreThe Hungry Tide Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesPeterson ENG 380 12 Dec. 2016 The Hungry Tide: A Desired Utopia of Political Ecology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Hungry Tide, Amitav Ghosh explores the ecosystem of the Sundarbans, varying narration between third person and first person perspectives, primarily through the main characters Piya, Kanai, and Fokir. The story traces the transformation of these three main characters from disengaged spectators to invested insiders. However, each of them perceives the biome of tide country through quite different lensesRead MoreNature as Creator and Destroyer in the Hungry Tide2379 Words   |  10 PagesN.Sukanya PhD Research Scholar Department of English Periyar University Salem-11 Nature as a Creator and Destroyer in The Hungry Tide Man, though wonders at the beauty of nature and its creations, fails to realize that they are also part of the web of life in the earth. Moreover, they adopt an anthropocentric attitude towards nature which, in fact, results in exploitation of it. This kind of attitude towards nature has urged several critics and writers to warn them of nature’s two-sidedRead MoreThe Pastoral And Wilderness Story Template Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesnavigating domesticated animals (sheep) demonstrates that the template is pastoral. When Muir separates from the shepherds and takes a hike by himself, the template changes to the wilderness template. Question 2. Amitav Ghosh does offer moments of analepsis in his novel, The Hungry Tide. Ghosh follows a story by including his main protagonist Kanai and his secondary protagonist Piya. Through Kanai’s point of view, the reader follows a typical sequence of events. For example, Kanai meets Piya and invitesRead MoreDiaspora Literature Essay2905 Words   |  12 PagesVoluntary Migration to U.S.A., U.K., Germany, France or other European countries for the sake of professional or academic purposes. According to Amitava Ghose-the Indian Diaspora is one of the most important demographic dislocation of Modern Times(Ghosh,) and each day is growing and assuming the form of representative of a significant force in global culture. If we take the Markand Paranjpe, we will find two distinct phases of Diaspora, these are called the visitor Diaspora and Settler Diaspora muchRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesunderstanding of Indian History, as well as unification of Indian history with language. This further paved the way to portray India with her sheer grandeur, tradition, realities, myths, heritage in the most eloquent way. Perhaps this supported Amitava Ghosh to dabble the post colonial Indian realities while helped Vikram Seth to picturise a rather new India laced with an air of Victorian aristocracy. The cobweb of romance, the strange mind of the women and the very ideal that women needs something more

Smoking on College Campuses - 1260 Words

The days of smoking on college campuses is coming to an end! (Daneman) The Department of Health and Human Services made an announcement, backed by the White house, to act on getting colleges everywhere to enforce a tobacco free campus! (Daneman) Smoking is a choice made amongst an individual and falls within the first amendment in the constitution along with eight more! So how can we legally ban smoking from a whole college campus? In the end, the individual is going to do what he/she pleases if there is no enforcement. Smoking should be banned from college campus, except where there is a designated smoking area away from others on the campus! Smoking is the use of tobacco or nicotine. Tobacco is made up of more than 70 plant species†¦show more content†¦E-Cigarettes are battery operated nicotine inhalers. (Neporent) Instead of a harmful chemical floating into the air, it is said to be just a â€Å"water vapor†. E-cigarettes contain many different fills. Some consist of vanilla flavored nicotine, chocolate flavored nicotine, and even as far as to making them taste like mountain dew without any nicotine. Although research shows that bystanders aren’t exposed to the secondhand smoke, they are still being exposed to the nicotine! (Keilman) The American Lung Association’s found the chemicals formaldehyde and acetone in the e-cigarette vapor that is exhaled. (Keilman) Should the use of e-cigarettes be allowed in a public smoke free zone? If you took a moment to consider the facts about the many harmful chemicals inside of cigarette smoke and what it does, not only to the smoker’s body, but to those around them as well, could you see why smoking is banned from many places such as: restaurants, schools, shopping centers, and most public places? Although, there is one place in particular where officials are attempting to get smoking banned, but haven’t fully done it yet, college campuses! College campuses are a prime place fo r encountering someone who smokes considering the fact that people of all ages attend college. Now, one could argue that to ban smoking from a college campus is against their constitutional rights. The first amendment clearly states that â€Å"Congress shallShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Smoking On College Campuses Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages Phase one prohibited smoking with the exception of designated smoking areas around campus in September of 2011. Phase two in August 2012 simply cut the amount of designated smoking areas in half. The final phase, enacted in August of 2013, prohibited smoking on campus completely, so why are smokers seen consistently breaking the rules? Smoking on college campuses has been a prominent issue for over ten years. About â€Å"32.9 percent of 18 to 22-year-old, full-time college students had smoked inRead MoreSmoking On College Campuses Should Be Banned1675 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking, as one knows it, has become a stress-reliever worldwide. One will find a smoker pulling out a cigarette and lighting it up around every corner. Smoking has especially become a growing problem in college campuses. When a college student enters the college campus, they do not only enter a new campus, a new life is also entered. In this new experience, one will find themselves exploring new things. The power of the eye is remarkable in today’s society. When someone has a friend that is doingRead MoreSmoking Should Not Be Allowed on Campuses753 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking Should Not Be Allowed On Campuses Because of the improvement of technology, it is easier and more affordable to buy cigarettes. Smoking becomes general phenomenon. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), there are an estimated 42.1 million adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes. However, the report also said that more than 2.4 million people died in the USA annually, and over 480,000 people died because of smoking. Medical NewsRead MoreEfforts to Reduce Smoking Among College Students Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking has been reduced over the past two decades, but â€Å"cigarette smoking among college students is of concern because the smoking prevalence among college students did not decrease as it did among the general population,† (Harrar et al. 121). This statement shows the significance of efforts to reduce smoking among college students. I believe college campuses would benefit from a â€Å"no-smoking policy†. This policy would serve to elimin ate the harmful effects of smoking and second-hand smoke onRead MoreShould Public Smoking Be A Smoke Free Campus?825 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion because it addresses topics about how campuses are continuing to eliminate smokers on campus, one way they eliminate it is by enforcing policies, however, if the polies are not followed there is a fined. In addition, it talks about why campuses are going smoke free, so this will be a great source to refer to when I address why I believe George Mason University should be a smoke free campus. Mostly importantly, the question if secondhand smoking is much of a problem is addressed. Many believeRead MoreIs Smoking A Bad Phenomenon?1306 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is a bad phenomenon has widely spread especially on campus between college students. Despite all doctors and scientist are confirmed health dangers, economic dangers and social dangers for smoking there is a huge numbers of college students smokers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a literature review concerning policy implementation in reference to campuses that are smoke-free. In spite of the general success in present decades of curbing the rate of smoking in various countries,Read MoreNo Smoking Bans In Colleges Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesNo Smoking Bans at College Smoking bans have become a new trend in colleges and universities. The effort is to making changes in the attitude and behavior of students to consider this habit as risky for a smoker, as well as the people around them and other environmental factors. Knowing the fact a growing concern is observed as harmful effects of second hand smoking are larger than that of first hand smoking. A smoke free campus policy will be a mere step in changing the trend of smoking and maintainingRead MoreThe Impact of Smoking Bans875 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of Smoking Bans Few issues over the use of public and commercial space ignite more impassioned disagreement than that over indoor smoking bans. With evidence of the dangers of second-hand smoking having achieved a state of being incontrovertible, lawmakers, lobby groups and public health advocacy groups have taken steps to diminish the exposure to second-hand smoke experienced by individuals on the whole. While the benefits of a smoking ban in bars, restaurants, clubs and other suchRead MoreResearch Study On College Age Smokers1083 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Journal of American College Healthy, 2007. This study had aimed discern more information about the perspectives of college-age smokers. Studies are done in subjugation of smokers to understand what may influence this unhealthy behavior, as in all psychology: understanding the root and trigger of a problem may bring the solution. This study has specifically focused on the college-age population of smokers in an aim to understand the cause and cessation of smoking cigarettes. In result, theRead MoreReduce And Eventually Ban Smoking On College Campus1749 Words   |  7 Pages Reduce and Eventually ban smoking on College Campus Aly Joseph HEAL 6600 Health Behavior December 8th, 2015 Scope of the Problem Year after year, Unites States citizens are suffering a great deal due to cigarette smoke. Smoking leads the way in preventable deaths killing up to 440,000 people annually and it costs this country an estimated $157 billion dollars in annual economic medical expenses (CDC, 2014). Up to 500 million people are estimated to be killed from just this habit

Project Management and Innovation in Process Industries

Question: Discuss about theProject Management and Innovation in Process Industries. Answer: Introduction Project management approaches and tools play an important role in accomplishment of the projects. It helps to address the dynamic external factors and internal constraints of the project. Hence, it is important for the project team to understand the different approaches of project management and the elements that either complement or integrate each other for better project management and project delivery (Wysocki, 2009). The paper has been developed to present a literature review to analyse strengths and weaknesses of three different project management approaches. Furthermore, the study will present the elements of project management tools to discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Comparative Analysis Through the survey of the previous literature, three of the best project management approaches have been identified as discussed in the following section. Traditional Approaches According to the traditional approach of project management, the goals and scope of the project remains fixed till the completion of the project. The project starts with initiation of the deliverables that leads to project planning and design. The plans and designs are prepared by considering various assumptions (Rose, 2014). After the completion of planning and design, the project control and monitoring phase starts in which the project team keeps a tight watch on the activities of the project to check whether the project is progressed according to the milestones. The project is executed to check the quality of the deliverables. Finally, the project completion reports are prepared to complete the project. Strengths Quick completion of Project: It leads to quick completion of project due to no re-designing and planning (Gray, 2007). The project is controllable and increases the feeling of security. Do not involve changes in plans: Traditional approach does not involve any changes in plan that delivers the project on the planned result (Gray, 2007). Simple Planning: Traditional Approach involves simple planning and designing of projects. It does not consider many uncertainties that make it easier for the project team to carry on with the project. Weaknesses Do not consider uncertainties: The world is uncertain and not predictable. Hence, the approach does not consider any uncertainties which are a major weakness of the approach (Gray, 2007). Chances of failure of project deliverable: The traditional approach does not consider the uncertainties in the real world that may lead to failure of the project. Critical Chain Approach The Critical Chain Approach is used in projects that have certainties of hindering constraints. It is assumed that at least one process will create problem in completion of the project. Hence, a critical path is developed to mitigate those constraints and a separate plan is prepared to overcome the constraints. According to this approach, at first the constraint is predicted, then analysed and at last the constraints are removed (Redway, 2015). Previous data and information are used to minimise the chances of occurrence of such assumed constraints. Hence, it is a scientific approach of project management that involves behavioural study and mathematical calculations to identify the impact of the uncertainties and ways to mitigate them. Strengths Consider uncertainties: It considers uncertainties that increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the project. Better delivery of project: It is used for projects that have chances of uncertainties. Hence, a proper assumption of uncertainties leads to better delivery of the project (Howes, 2011). Weaknesses Delay in completion of project: There is a chance of delay in the completion of the project (Howes, 2011). A better planning by considering the prior data and information can be helpful to seek better completion of project. Extreme Project Approach Extreme Project Approach is mainly used to handle dynamic problems like changing demand of the customers. It involves continuous process of planning and re-designing. Hence, there is a need of flexible project management strategy that could be helpful in meeting the dynamic uncertainties during the project (Maylor, 2015). It is important to note that there are certain projects that does not have proper clarity regarding the requirements and needs proper market research. An extreme project approach is primarily used to conduct project with high level of uncertainties. Strengths Consider dynamic uncertainties: It considers dynamic uncertainties that reduce the chances of failure of project. Effective completion of project: It is mainly used for complex projects that need re-planning to seek the desired results. Deliverables are appropriate: The deliverables are according to the desire of the stakeholders that increases the quality of the project (Kerzner, 2011). Weaknesses Re-schedule leads to delay: The continuous re-scheduling and re-planning leads to delay in the completion of the project. Failure of budget: There is a chance of failure of budget because of dynamic uncertainties in the project (Kerzner, 2011). Hence, there is a need of flexible budget to conduct the project. Comparing the above mentioned project management approaches, it can be seen that traditional approach is mainly used for static projects that do not involve much uncertainties (Lefley, 2014). On the other hand, critical chain approach is used for conducting projects that involves critical activities. In the case of extreme project approach, it is only used for dynamic projects that involve changing desire of the stakeholders and high level of uncertainties (Lefley, 2014). Hence, it is important for the project team to understand the level of uncertainties involved in the project while choosing the best and suitable approach of project management. Supportive Elements of Project Management Tools and Systems Through the identification of the three significant project management approaches, some of the supportive elements of project management tools and techniques have been discussed in the following section to create substantial argument. Project Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) PERT has been identified as one of the most significant statistical tools that can be precisely utilised in project management (Desmond, 2014). The PERT has been critically designed by the US Navy to analyse project tasks and deliverable. Strengths Compelling managers to set up planning: PERT has offered the project managers to establish the most suitable plan according to the resources and scheduling. Therefore, the project manager has got a firm grip on the project controls to identify each of the most appropriate events attached to the project. Concentrate on crucial project elements: PERT technique has concentrated on the critical elements of the projects that are required to be corrected. The statistical analysis of PERT can evidently identify the elements required to be corrected for efficient project work (Colin Vanhoucke, 2015). Deliver forward-looking control: By developing efficient network system with the subordinates and managers, PERT can deliver forward-looking control to identify the right tactics to be followed. Weaknesses Suitable for long-scheduled project management: Due to the activity-time of the operations in PERT, the technique is perfectly suitable only for the projects that have long schedules. Hence, most of the project managers do not consider the technique during the project reporting. PERT emphasis on time but not cost: Another significant weakness of PERT has been the emphasis on time only. Through the statistical analysis of PERT, project leaders can only identify the time but not the cost of the works (Gelbard, Pliskin, Spiegler, 2012). Therefore, such tool can create massive strategic problems to organisational management. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Work Breakdown Structure is one of the crucial project management tools to plan out major tasks and activities in a structural way. Breaking down the crucial tasks attached to the project management, such instrumental tool can help to manage the tasks in an efficient way. Strengths Divide the tasks into smaller units: WBS has allowed breaking down the major tasks of the project management in smaller units so that responsible delegates can perform the activities providing efficient skills and resources (Collyer Warren, 2009). Deliver proper scheduling and resources planning: The sequence and schedule planning can be efficiently defined through WBS. Meanwhile, by improving the resources planning, accurate forecasts based on WBS may save project cost on staffing. Aid budgeting planning: By identifying the project management risks and schedule of delivery, WBS can aid budgeting planning by monitoring the risks associated with the project works. Weaknesses Vague tasks may be attached to the project management: In the meantime, vague tasks have been one of the disadvantages of WBS tool. As the structure of WBS has to be included each significant tasks according to the project planning, sometimes project managers have found it difficult to include the most significant tasks. Hence, some of the less prioritised tasks have to be added that can cost time and investment. WBS may get outdated in quick order: Most importantly, as project scheduling usually alters according to the change request, WBS can get quickly outdated. Hence, updating the WBS can become a challenging task during schedule change. Gantt Chart Gantt chart can be identified as one of the significant project management system tools that deliver a visual representation of scheduled tasks effective for project leaders and project team members. Gantt charts can deliver a firm control on the time management to complete the tasks according to the given limit. Strengths Clarity on tasks and timelines: Gantt chart can clarify the tasks and timelines associated with a project in a visual way so that the team members can identify the tasks. Meanwhile, Gantt chart can replace frequent meetings so that precious time can be saved (Gergert Ponomareva, 2015). Along with that, meaningful Gantt chart can add external motivation to the team members to focus on their ability to complete the tasks allocated to them. Time Management and Flexibility: By showing the adverse impact of delaying the project work, Gantt chart can foster significant collaboration among the team members. On the other side, in the case of the change request, schedules may have been revised to adjust the changes. Such instrumental facilities have been the strengths of Gantt chart technique. Weaknesses Relying on Work Breakdown Structure: Gantt chart of a project has significantly relied on the WBS that may have been already developed. Sometimes, significant milestones can be seemed to be missing from the WBS. Therefore, the risk of recreating the entire project schedule will be attached if Gantt chart has been constructed (Raz Michael, 2011). Suitable for smaller project management tasks: Gantt charts are perfectly suitable for smaller project works as the milestones of multiple tasks cannot be added in the form of a Gantt chart. Once the length of the tasks, stretch passes the segment of the Gantt chart, the functionality of the tool has been reduced. Discussion Each of the project management tools and techniques has significantly played its part in a project environment. The identified project management approaches have distinct features to evaluate project derivatives. PERT technique has been associated with critical path analysis of a project management (Xie Zhang, 2013). Such efficient project management tool can create significant visual communication among the team members creating interdependent relationships. Apart from that, PERT technique has provided efficient resource planning to mitigate any issues attached to the project tasks. On the other hand, Work Breakdown Structure has accurately figured out project deliverable and tasks to be achieved. By identifying the same, WBS has broken down the tasks into manageable smaller units (Bajgoric, Altinel, Draman, nal, 2012). Along with that, the technique has identified detailed cost estimation according to the time assigned to complete the entire project. Moreover, WBS can contribute to risk identification to reduce the risks to a manageable position. Lastly, Gantt chart has efficiently provided a visual representation of the project tasks following the timelines. Through the identification of potential events in the Work Breakdown Structure, Gantt chart can evolve the contemporary task management system establishing significant completion of tasks (Mller Sderlund, 2015). However, the efficiency of Gantt chart has been limited to smaller projects. The flexibility of scheduling has been considerable for selecting Gantt chart as one of the most instrumental project management techniques in modern project management. However each of the tools and techniques has supported the above- identified approaches to deliver suitable project management outcomes. Conclusion At the end of the discussion, one must develop a significant conclusion on the linkage between the identified project management approaches and the project management tools. Efficient project managers have recognised the size of a project and scheduling arrangement before selecting most sustainable approach for delivering effective outcomes. Therefore, the contemporary project management ideas must be set up based on the most effective project management tools. Herein, both of the identified tools such as PERT, WBS and Gantt chart can deliver significant direction to complete an entire project within the given scheduling and budget. 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