Litreview for easy topci--business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Litreview for easy topci--business - Essay Example Her major areas of research under this branch of study, revolved around estimating the costs of foodborne illnesses; assessing the legal initiatives for firms to produce safer food; as well as analyzing and studying international trade and food safety issues (USDA, 2011a). Dr. Fred Gale, is a senior economist, with extensive experience in the field of U.S. farm structure, rural economy as well as manufacturing employment issues. He has conducted extensive research in the field of market analysis of Chinese agricultural practices as well as international trade. His current field of work include analysis of Chinese food consumption patterns; exploring the agricultural finance trends in China etc among others (USDA, 2011b). Critical review of their work The article discusses the safety risks associated with food imports from China in the U.S. The authors have tried to explore various critical issues such as the potential safety hazards of food imports from the region in the U.S.; the ty pe of food imported from the region; and the causes behind FDA's rejection of food items imported from China. They have also critically assessed the Chinese food production system, and suggested measures to improve food safety in China.

An Important Macro-Environmental Force in Vietnam Essay Example for Free

An Important Macro-Environmental Force in Vietnam Essay QUESTION 1: An important macro-environmental force on companies is the social/cultural environment, particularly in international markets. Imagine that you are to offer a seminar on the social/cultural environment of Vietnam to foreign businessmen and marketers. Discuss at least three elements of the cultural environment that foreign businessmen should be aware of when doing business in Vietnam. Use specific examples referring to real-life businesses, brands, marketing activities, etc. to support your discussion. Social/cultural forces are the most difficult uncontrollable variables to predict. It is important for marketers to understand and appreciate the cultural values of the environment in which they operate. The cultural environment is made up of forces that affect societys basic values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. The Vietnamese value system is based on four basic tenets: allegiance to the family, yearning for a good name, love of learning, and respect for other people. These tenets are closely interrelated and based on three main religions which are Buddhism, Confucianism and Christianity. Changes in social/cultural environment affect customer behavior, which affects sales of products. Trends in the cultural environment include individuals changing their views of themselves, others, and the world around them and movement toward self-fulfillment, immediate gratification, and secularism. Firstly, in term of role of people in business environment, the women are not expected to reach high position. This is due to influence of Confucianism, which teach people that a woman should devote all her life to take care of household more than going out to seek foods. The woman is rarely appointed to the first position in a company because man who is lower position usually tends to against the commands coming from a woman. In contrast, a man is expected to become boss who should show his knowledge, learning and power. Secondly, Sex is very sensitive issue so that you should avoid it as much as possible. From an advertisement to a uniform should not be more provocative and especially avoid using obscene words in public conversation. The more you are polite the more you have respect from the others. Furthermore,  rewards and slogans are a part of business. In Viet Nam one of the tenets is earning for good name, so people tend to work hard for reaching some rewards or reputation. It seems that Viet Nam is one of countries, which has the most slogans. People usually act upon â€Å"syndrome crowd† but not patient, so it is better to change your company’s slogan frequently in order to collect and motivate workers following that slogan or the company’s goals. Finally, there are some rules out of laws you should know before starting business in Viet Nam. In some case, you are clearly right, yet someone who holds right making decision say that it is wrong, you can do no things except use some tricks to pass. â€Å"Chá º ¡y† means â€Å"Run†, which uses negatively money covered in the names called gifts, is the most popular way to succeed in document procedures or get some competitive advantages. QUESTION 2: Consider the five stages in the adoption process of a new product, and refer to a major purchase you have made. Identify, describe and discuss each step of that process, using your own case to support your discussion. Be sure to be specific and provide as detailed a description of your adoption process, as possible. You should also discuss the different influences and forces that impacted your purchasing decision. This MBA course is the most major purchase that I have ever bought. In term of considering the adoption process of this course, there are five stages which made me lead to this decision. Firstly, at the beginning of the process, the stage of awareness, which means that the consumer becomes aware of the innovation but lacks information about it. In my situation, I made this plan for a year ago but did not know where I could apply and how its quality was. I started to search for essential information about this course before opened six months ago. After gathering much of raw information, there were four choices which I could make such as RMIT, Hawaii, Columbia and Troy. Secondly, in the Interest stage I began to analyze that information, which could classified into some categories or criterions. Basing on these terms, I matched them to my requirements and made a decision for the most suitable. Finance was the first my issue because all of these course had the  quite high fee. I removed any course that I could not afford. Quality was the second issue I considered very much because I did not want to invest the big money for getting nothing. Time was the last one, which could impact on my decision. It was not only how long this course took and what time a class began. Moreover, I called assistants for more detail information about this course and asked them to send me some materials related to it. Therefore, I had a quite clear view of those courses and easier to make the final decision. Next, after all things considered, I chose MBA program of Troy, which was the most suitable and met more requirements. Those were the fee that I could pay for, the time that I could arrange with work. This happened in the Evaluation stage of adoption process. In the next stage, Trial, in my opinion this might be the transfer course time because I could evaluate the quality and quantity of this program. How was about teachers? Should did I continue or not? And finally, I decided to take this course –Troy MBA 5th intake in March. QUESTION 3: Refer to the article: VN has lucrative retail market: Research and Markets, from Vietnam News (June 15, 2011), copied below. 1. In your opinion, what are the reasons why modern retail concepts may work in Vietnam. Vietnam is famous for a traditional retail, with much many of convenience stores and mini markets placing at anywhere as possible. Therefore, people are formed a habit to buy their needs there. However, I personally believe that a modern retail formats will develop in the short future. There are some reasons why this kind of retail is able to compete with the traditional retail stores embedded in society. Firstly, Vietnam is a developing country with economic growth of around 6.8 per cent in 2010 and will be kept steady for some next years. This means that average income will be increased and then demands more for variety products, quantity and quality of products as well. Consumers tend to buy products that may be different, style, fashion, or special with mass volume and expected price. All things create a strong force for traditional store or mini market, where only offers convenience goods with limited brands, how to meet those demands. Time by time, these stores are not able to satisfy customers’  increasing needs, so that is time the modern retails such as supermarket or hypermarket develops. The second reason is a change of lifestyle. The young generation is more active and dynamic and shopping is one of the most favorite outside activities. Shopping now is not just for buying something but also for enjoying and relaxing. Furthermore, modern people have less time for buying, so they usually go shopping for much more goods in once and then put all of them in refrigerator. The supermarket or hypermarket can meet these requirements easily. The third reason is a strong influence of western culture, which is appearing more clearly recently. The Internet is developing very quickly in Vietnam, so people are able to access to information about western countries easily. The young people tend to western-oriented life, they respect and pursue the modern world with arranged colorful big cities, luxurious cars, and entertainment industry. This changes the way they live and go shopping. Finally, in term of demography, according to the General Statistic Office (GSO) Vietnam population in 2011 in total was 90,549,390 (July 2011 est.) with median age about 27.8 years. This means majority of the population is young and working class with higher purchasing power. The low median age of population means a higher current consumption rate which augurs well for the retail sector. This youthful, exuberant generation, bred on success will not drive the productivity but also set a spiraling effect on consumption and generation of income. 2. In your opinion, are there any pitfalls? If so, explain. There are some pitfalls, in my opinion, in retail market in Vietnam. Shopping habit is the most important one of those. Going to convenience store or mini market to buy necessary things every day is the way the Vietnamese have been doing for a long time. â€Å"Chá » £Ã¢â‚¬  (small market or store) merges in everywhere that makes people more comfortable to buy. Just walk out of home several feet steps, you can encounter many of small stores in  which they sell almost the vital things for living. Moreover, 80% of population of Vietnam who are living in rural areas, where are lack of information about modern life. Thus, retailers should gradually penetrate to these markets to form a shopping habit instead of investing a big budget in style and strange supermarket there. 3. In your opinion, what would be the â€Å"factors critical to the success of the retail industry in Viet Nam†? It is difficult to fit a successful international format directly and expect a similar performance in Vietnam. The lessons from multinationals expanding to new geographies also point to this. For example, Wal-Mart is highly successful in USA but the story is different in Asian countries like China. Therefore, it is important for a retailer to look at local conditions and insights into the local buying behavior before shaping the format choice. Considering the diversity in terms of taste and preferences prevailing in Vietnam, the retailers may go for experimentation to identify the winning format suited to different geographies and segments. For example, the taste in south is different from that in north and this brings challenges to the retailers. Therefore, most of grocery retailers are region centric at this point in time. // may indirect There are some key ways to develop modern market formats. The first, Try and Error mean that a number of retailers are in a mode of experimentation and trying several formats which are essentially the representation of retailing concepts to fit into the consumer mind space. The second, Increasing Acceptance of Rural Markets to exploit mass and potential market // In my opinion, there are two factors critical to the success of the retail industry in Viet Nam. The first factor is that our country’s economy is developing day by day, this lead to change in lifestyle and increase income. Therefore, lever of expenditure is getting higher and the ways to sell and buy is forwarding to the international market formats. The second is that the government of Vietnam gradually reduces barriers of trade by  imposing some laws to favor more foreign investors and also removing some absolute laws. Moreover, Viet Nam has been a member of the WTO since 11 January 2007, this means that it has to play following the same rules and the same trade environment. This offers large and bright road for retailers to dominate in potential retail market in Viet Nam. QUESTION 4: Refer to the communication model described in class, and use two locally available brands of FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods), one Vietnamese and the other foreign. Describe, in details, how each brand goes through the elements of the model in their communication with their respective audiences. In your opinion, which one does a better job at communicating, and why? Coca-cola is the most famous brand in the world. It firstly introduced to Vietnamese in 1960 and then immediately received impression from people. After 34 years absenting, in 1994 Coca-cola turned back to Viet Nam as a symbol of America and the number one of producing carbonated beverage in the world. Basing on advantages of famous brand, Coca-cola made a great marketing plan to penetrate in Viet Nam. With this strategy is to create differences and diversities, Coca-cola now holds 65% market share and provides around 25000 jobs for Vietnamese. The question is that how can Coca-cola reach to these achievements when it came to Viet Nam later than Pepsi, the strongest competitor in Viet Nam; when the biggest competitor, Pepsi, has already set up factories and distribution channels completely throughout the country. It may find out some answers to this question in marketing strategies of those. Moreover, in cognitive stage, Coca-cola wants to transmit a messages â€Å"Serve all people†, so Coca-cola uses a great strategy marketing to inform, persuade and remind people. Advertising is the most powerful weapon that Coca-cola used to get potential customers’ attention. It is difficult to find corporations which really fund for advertisements a budget equaling to costs of production, but Coca-cola do this for polishing its brand. Its purpose is to put in consumers’ mind an image of drinking, which is number  one, which is healthy, which is friendly with environment and so on. With young people who are active, enthusiastic; who willing to try different things, Coca-cola used effervescent and provocative advertising clips included a short slogan, which may satisfy ego-centric trends of youth. Moreover, it is wise and creative to use images generating family atmosphere, the most important element in Viet Nam’ value system. Coca-cola has been doing it well by using the box of 24 bottles or cans, which is decorated swallows, happy family, peach tree, cake and something else related to Tet festival in Viet Nam. This creates in consumer’s mind loving, warm family atmosphere, which in turn put in mind images of relationship between Coca-cola and Tet deeply. Because Tet is very important day of Vietnamese, so Coca-cola usually launches large-scale advertising campaign throughout Viet Nam territory. Especially, a series of items, with new packing, style, and attractive colors, were introduced in â€Å"Happiness Factory† in 2009 Tet. In the affective and behavior stages, the customers really engage in activities to create their interest and desire of buying coke. Coca-cola uses very creatively diversity ways such as Money off coupon, Competitions, Free gifts, Point of sales materials and so on. It always chooses one or combined ones for specific or regular time to be launched. It seems that you have to be seen Coca-cola brand or related things every day. On the newspaper or television, on the billboards or posters, on the way you go to work or come back home, or even in the toilet you may see its logos. It is designed to draw in your perception without annoying you. For example, Coca-cola give you free of five style cups, which are printed its logo, in each box of 24 cans you buy. Sometimes you may be engaged in a game of collecting lids to win a car, television or valuable prizes. Understanding an extremely passion of Vietnamese about football, Coca-cola usually hold big programs in the important football events. From donating for the national football team to creating crazy fan club, from some games for prizes to some products for souvenir, all are launched professionally. Sometimes, Coca-cola becomes a major sponsor for a football contest. Coca-cola is usually willing to fund for community campaigns: supporting for  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cleaning international beach† program in Do Son, collaborating with UNDP to launch the program namely â€Å"Cleaning Water for community in Vietnam† and especially its â€Å"Everest Challenge† program in long-term strategy call Live Positively. By using friendly and profitable public programs, Coca-cola makes the relationships with public closer day by day. In the competitive strategy with Pepsi to penetrate in market, Coca-cola uses mobile means such as bicycle, small store to move everywhere for selling and introducing products. Likewise, Vinamilk is one of successful company in Viet Nam in communication with customers. In the cognitive stage, customers, who are almost children, be attracted by a funny, friendly image of milk cows. Vinamilk wants to transmit to customers a message that â€Å"this milk is made from pure milk of cows and sterilized†. By using a lot of images related to farmers, cows, fields, families, and children, Vinamilk contributes to perception of customers that the products are friendly with environment, vital for health, and suitable for every family. In the affective and behavior stages, Vinamilk holds some sport events, become a sponsor for charity programs, especially almost those programs concentrate on poor children, who do not afford for going to school, who are suffering malnutrition and the other adversity situations. This move impresses children and their families to interest more, desire more, and of course, make a decision to purchase more products of Vinamilk. All things considered, I personally believe that Vinamilk does a better job at communicating with customers than Coca-cola in Vietnam. This is due to the ways Vinamilk informing, persuading and reminding are very friendly, funny, and close to its customers. It chooses the right image for right potential customers at the right time. The funny and lovely cow for the children is showed at school, children television programs, children sport events and so on. QUESTION 5: Consider Porter’s value chain and the holistic marketing orientation model. What implications do they have for marketing planning? How would you structure a marketing plan to incorporate some of their concepts? The marketing planning consists of analyzing market opportunities, selecting target markets, designing market strategies, developing marketing programs, and managing the marketing effort. In short, it outlines the specific actions you intend to carry out to interest potential customers and clients in your product or service and persuade them to buy the product or services you offer. On the other word, it shows how and what customer value is delivered. Therefore, Porter’s value chain and the holistic marketing orientation model help marketers to make a better marketing plan, which satisfies both customers and stakeholders. Firstly, Michael Porter of Harvard has proposed the value chain as a tool for indentifying ways to create more customer value. This model comprises a sequence of value-generated activities found to be common to a wide range of firms. A marketer can use this tool for determining what product features, prices and distributions are, how to utilize sales force, sales promotion, advertising, and other communication tools to announce and promote the product. For example, if the marketer wanted to make a new marketing plan, he or she would need to know core competencies of a company, which may be the current production process, distribution channels and sales approach. The value chain model supports the marketer for adjusting and identifying new product features in order to fit that capacities of production process (in Operations activity) and maximize a level of value that exceeds the cost of this activity, thereby resulting in a profit margin. Moreover, basing on current prices and distribution system (in Outbound Logistics activity), the marketer may determine whether to use current system or to launch new distribution channels. Finally, marketing and sales activities and service activities, which are described in value chain, help marketer find out solutions to promote and deliver product better. Whether a new advertising or sales promotion influence over the other activities in the organizational value chain? What is the most suitable support service to apply to this new product? What is about finance situation?. Looking from this picture, the marketer can make a marketing plan more efficiently and maximize the contributed value of each primary activities and support activities in value  chain model. Secondly, holistic marketing can help capture customer value and succeed by managing a superior value chain that delivers a high level of product quality, service and speed. Basing on value exploration activities, which show how can a company identify new value opportunities, so that marketers easily determine what the most profitable segments are. Next, value creation activities, which show how can a company efficiently create more promising new value offerings, help the marketer know who the customer admires, who they interact with and who influences them to craft new customer benefits. This generates a new idea for adding new features, which in turn increase competitive advantages†¦. QUESTION 6 : What brands and products do you feel successfully â€Å"speak to you† and effectively target your age group? Why? Which ones do not? What could they do better? There is a brand and product that made me impressively at the first sight, Heineken it is. I remembered that I saw a first short advertising clip of it on television several years ago. That was about 32 seconds of moment clip led audiences to experience different level of feelings. At the very beginning, it immediately captured your notice by a gentleman fishing for something in a massive freezing ice bucket with huge efforts and patient. It was very curious to want to know what he was looking for, so your eyes being attached on screen as the way advertiser’s want. Moreover, the melodious music of â€Å"Quando Quando Quando† song really conquered my ears and attention. â€Å"Tell me when will you be mine Tell me quando, quando, quando We can share a love divine Please don ´t make me wait again† After some seconds he picked up a bottle of beer with his blushing and trembling hand and then came to his group of two men, who had the same situation. In the last scenario of the clip, three men were looked very cold  with the bottle of Heineken beer in their hand. All things happened to me was no meaning except the curious, funny, and surprising feelings even though closing scene was showed with slogan: â€Å"Never settle for less†. It took me several minutes after to understand what had been happening, and I am sure that you have the same feelings too. You was put an image of Heineken in mind in the intelligent and interesting way. Thereafter, I began to be interested in searching for information about that beer, which owns and manages one of the world’s leading portfolios of beer brands and is one of the world’s leading brewers in terms of sales volume and profitability. Now, I am completely conquered, so whenever having a chance to drink beers I choose Heineken, which is really delicious beer. This clip also influences on the male, who are mature, by using three gentlemen to create good and respect brand of someone else when drinking this kind of beer. It is successful to position and segment target customers. All things considered, there is no need to launch a large-scale and professional marketing campaign order to inform, persuade and remind me, just needs one 32 seconds of advertising clip is enough. On the other hand, there are some brands and products which do not impress me. ThongNhat bicycle is one of them. In the past, possessing a ThongNhat bicycle was an honor of many people, but now it was defeated in its home. Why? There are many main reasons for this consequence. Firstly, its styles are poor and tradition which do not attract the major customers, who are students tending to fashionable trends. Secondly, its price is quite high compared to same kinds of bicycles and a level of living of almost Vietnamese. Finally, its advertising and sales promotion are not good, it seems that you rarely see it on television except through a word of mouth. In contrast, there are many kinds of China bicycle importing in Viet Nam. These ones meet almost requirements of students in particular and Vietnamese in general. China bicycles are very stylish, fashion and the prices are quite cheap, which are all things ThongNhat needed to consider if it would want to develop and get back its golden age. QUESTION 7 : Consider the lifetime value of customers (CLV). What does the concept refer to? Design an example to support your understanding of the concept. The lifetime value of a customer is a measure of the value of the customer to your business. It is the potential contribution of the customer to your business over a period of time. When you know the lifetime value of a customer, you have a benchmark for how much you would or should be willing to invest to acquire a customer. This means that you should see in the long-term to get potential customers instead of looking in the short-term with a high profit in advance. Therefore, concentrating on creating and maintaining relationships with customers, who will contribute to business’ profit by their loyalty, is very important for a business’ success. Toyota is one of the perfect examples for maintaining customer relationships and brands. It recently has announced to receive up to 2.17 million cars because of a brake fault. This move of Toyota shows not only its responsibility for safety of customers, but also its message that it wants to bring high-valued products and services and the most satisfying ownership experience. This is not the first time Toyota make a recall for some errors, so this can prove how powerful to know and correct fault honestly. Behind this action, Toyota firmly understands about what will happen if one of its clients gets an accident because of that fault. What is more, 2.17 clients and even more will be very satisfied and impressed by this honest and responsible service. It is the beginning point for creating lifetime value of customer when those clients say to their children or friends about this, which in turn to contribute more potential customers to businesses. From generation after generation, those who are willing to buy Toyota car for all their lives. This is the way Toyota generates profits when knowing clearly lifetime value of customer concept. QUESTION 8 : As you have learned, everything can be marketed. Think of yourself, and define and discuss yourself in terms of the 4Ps. It is a reality that everything can be marketed and people in general and myself in particular are not exception. In term of the 4Ps, I myself was considered to be a product for sale. Firstly, regarding to Product concept, with a certificate of information technology engineer and several experiment years, I can offer a labor market capacities of researching, analyzing, and designing information systems, especially the management systems in the financial and accounting fields. Moreover, my English skills are quite good enough for working at international environment. I also can work in high pressure, challenge and creative tasks. In term of service concept, I am patient enough to keep up with a long time project, humor enough to break a tension of someone, humble enough to learn from anyone, compassionate enough to help the others as much as possible, and positive enough to believe that the legend world is true. Secondly, Promotion means that customers have to be made aware of the product. On the other word, I have to do something to inform, persuade and remind the labor markets that who I am, what I can offer and how I can deliver my values. It may be a solution to advertize on some working websites, send curriculum vitae to my friends or go to a company order to introduce myself. Especially, I can involve in some scandals for purpose of noticing the others and media as the way some super stars have done. Thirdly, pricing me is quite difficult and sensitive. The price must be high enough to cover costs (tuition, cost of living, costs of job application) and make profits (salary, bonus) but low enough to attract employers. There are a number of possible pricing strategies. The most commonly used are: PENETRATION PRICING – charging a low price, possibly not quite covering costs, to gain a position in the market. By using this method you can have more chance to get a job, and such opportunity may lead you to success. CREAMING – the opposite to penetration pricing, this involves charging a deliberately high price to persuade employers that the product is of high quality. COST PLUS PRICING – this is the most common form of pricing. Costs are totaled and a margin is added on for profit to make the total price. Finally, in term of Place concept, I am living in Hanoi city where I also want to work. Thus, it is convenient and suitable for the companies, which are located in Hanoi too, which are willing to buy my offers. QUESTION 9 : Colleges, universities and other organizations can be classified as service organizations. How can you apply the marketing principles developed in chapter 13 to Troy MBA? Do you have any advice as to how it could become a better service marketer? QUESTION 10 : Think of some of your favorite brands. Do you know where they come from? Where and how they are made or provided? Do you think knowing these answers would affect your perceptions of quality or satisfaction? Coca-cola is the most famous brand in the world. It firstly introduced to Vietnamese in 1960 and then immediately received impression from people. After 34 years absenting, in 1994 Coca-cola turned back to Viet Nam as a symbol of America and the number one of producing carbonated beverage in the world. Basing on advantages of famous brand, Coca-cola made a great marketing plan to penetrate in Viet Nam. With this strategy is to create differences and diversities, Coca-cola now holds 65% market share and provides around 25000 jobs for Vietnamese. In term of ingredients in Coca-cola, published versions say it contains sugar or high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, caffeine, phosphoric acid, coca extract, kola nut extract, lime extract, vanilla and glycerin. Alleged syrup recipes vary greatly. The basic â€Å"cola† taste from Coca-Cola and competing cola drinks comes mainly from vanilla and cinnamon; distinctive tastes among various brands are the result of trace flavorings such as orange, lime and lemon and spices such as nutmeg. Some natural colas also include cola nut; Coca-Cola does not, and chemical testing reveals none. Because cocaine is naturally present in coca leaves, todays Coca-Cola uses spent, or treated, coca leaves, those that have been through a cocaine extraction process, to flavor the beverage. The coca leaves are imported from countries like Peru and Bolivia, and they are treated by chemical company Stepan, which then sells the de-cocainized residue to Coca-Cola. Some contend that this process cannot extract all of the cocaine alkaloids at a molecular level, and so the drink still contains trace amounts of the stimulant. The  Coca-Cola Company currently refuses to comment on the continued presence of coca leaf in Coca-Cola. To this day, Coca-Cola uses a United States license to purify the coca leaf for medicinal use. (sources: Wikipedia). Advertising is the most powerful weapon that Coca-cola used to get potential customers’ attention. It is difficult to find corporations which really fund for advertisements a budget equaling to costs of production, but Coca-cola do this for polishing its brand. Its purpose is to put in consumers’ mind an image of drinking, which is number one, which is healthy, which is friendly with environment and so on. With young people who are active, enthusiastic; who willing to try different things, Coca-cola used effervescent and provocative advertising clips included a short slogan, which may satisfy ego-centric trends of youth. Moreover, it is wise and creative to use images generating family atmosphere, the most important element in Viet Nam’ value system. Coca-cola has been doing it well by using the box of 24 bottles or cans, which is decorated swallows, happy family, peach tree, cake and something else related to Tet festival in Viet Nam. This creates in consumer’s mind loving, warm family atmosphere, which in turn put in mind images of relationship between Coca-cola and Tet deeply. Because Tet is very important day of Vietnamese, so Coca-cola usually launches large-scale advertising campaign throughout Viet Nam territory. Especially, a series of items, with new packing, style, and attractive colors, were introduced in â€Å"Happiness Factory† in 2009 Tet. Coca-cola uses very creatively diversity ways such as Money off coupon, Competitions, Free gifts, Point of sales materials and so on. It always chooses one or combined ones for specific or regular time to be launched. It seems that you have to be seen Coca-cola brand or related things every day. On the newspaper or television, on the billboards or posters, on the way you go to work or come back home, or even in the toilet you may see its logos. It is designed to draw in your perception without annoying you. For example, Coca-cola give you free of five style cups, which are printed its logo, in each box of 24 cans you buy. Sometimes you may be engaged in a game of collecting lids to win a car, television or valuable prizes. Understanding an extremely passion of Vietnamese about football, Coca-cola usually hold  big programs in the important football events. From donating for the national football team to creating crazy fan club, from some games for prizes to some products for souvenir, all are launched professionally. Sometimes, Coca-cola becomes a major sponsor for a football contest. Coca-cola is usually willing to fund for community campaigns: supporting for â€Å"Cleaning international beach† program in Do Son, collaborating with UNDP to launch the program namely â€Å"Cleaning Water for community in Vietnam† and especially its â€Å"Everest Challenge† program in long-term strategy call Live Positively. By using friendly and profitable public programs, Coca-cola makes the relationships with public closer day by day. In the competitive strategy with Pepsi to penetrate in market, Coca-cola uses mobile means such as bicycle, small store to move everywhere for selling and introducing products. This is in its mission â€Å"Server all people†. In conclude, I personally think that if customers knew about where products come from, how products are made, and how products are provided or delivered, they would understand more about products. This makes customers use those products more efficiently, which in turn contribute better image to customers’ perception and satisfy their requirements.

Steveston Village and Deep Cove- Canadian Tourist Attractions Essay

Nowadays, lower mainland tourist attractions are one of the most attractive tourist destinations for people to go travel. They always locate just beside the big cities, but you can get many special things you can’t get in the big cities, such as the natural environment, local building, fresh air and peaceful feeling. Many people like to relax in the lower mainland tourist attractions at weekend. Vancouver is a city full of good lower mainland tourist attractions. Steveston Village and Deep Cove are two of the most famous lower mainland tourist attractions in Vancouver. According to the research of location, environment, and entertainment of Steveston Village and Deep Cove exhibits, we can found that both lower mainland tourist attractions supply an interesting traveling experience. However, Steveston Village’s is fitter for people who want to get fun while Deep Cove’s is suitable for people who want to relax quietly. Firstly, looking at the location of Steveston Village and Deep Cove will helps to explain why both these two lower mainland tourist attractions are very amusing, but adapt to different people of different purpose. To begin, Both Steveston Village and Deep Cove are locating beside the water. Steveston is located on the mouth of Fraser River. And it is a once-boisterous frontier seaport and principal port on the Fraser River. Similarly, Deep Cove is off Burrard Inlet on the North shore of Vancouver, and it is hidden treasure at the entrance to Indian Arm. In addition, Steveston Village and Deep Cove are quite near the commercial centers. Steveston Village just besides the Richmond Centre and it is about 15 miles (24 km) south of Vancouver. Likewise, Deep Cove is just a 20-minute drive from Vancouver. However, there a... ...k in Deep Cove. Overall, Steveston Village’s fishing style is fit for people who want to see the special things. Deep Cove is a place can give people opportunity to feeling the peaceful of the nature. In conclusion, both Steveston Village and Deep Cove are excellent place to go travel. Steveston Village will provide a wonderful play land to people would rather have delight, whereas Deep Cove is ideal for people who want to quiet and cotton to natural world. The differences in their location, environment and entertainment have obviously show the reasons these two lower mainland tourist attractions are attract different kinds of people. Every coins has two sides, nothing is perfect. Both Steveston Village and Deep Cove are showing the example that if who can insist to keep his style and continue to make it better, it will attract more and more people in the future.

Introduction to Economics

A want Is a desire for a good or a service. The desire may be to satisfy hunger or thirst, avoid heat or cold, be cured of Illness, be amused or entertained, or enjoy that latest product of technology. The item involved may not be within the means of the person who wants it. In economics it is assumed that a person's wants are unlimited. People are assumed to desire an unlimited array of goods and services. A need is a desire for a basic good or service.Needs are essential for survival. A person may not need ice cream, which is a want and a luxury, but they need food, which provides the essential vitamins and minerals. A person must satisfy their needs before they can satisfy their wants. As our income Increases many of the Items that we regarded as wants may well be regarded as needs. Most people would now regard a telephone as an essential. Characteristics of Wants Wants are unlimited because it is assumed that people have an endless desire for odds and services.Wants are competiti ve because to produce one good or service means that other goods and services are not able to be produced. Wants are changeable because a consumers desire for goods and services is constantly changing as a result of changes in income, technology, fashion, advertising etc. Some wants are complementary because the satisfaction of some wants leads to the desire for other wants: a car and trees is a good example. Finally wants can be recurrent cause they constantly have to be satisfied: For example there is a regular need for food.Goods and Services Goods are tangible objects that give people some utility or satisfaction. A service is non-material or intangible in nature. Services are provided when a business or person provides work of an intangible nature: a consultation with a doctor or lawyer for example. A tradesman that fixes a household defect is another example of a service. Services also create utility or satisfaction. Producers and Consumers A consumer is a person who uses good s and services to satisfy their wants and needs.When a consumer uses goods and services it is called consumption. Consumption means more than to eat food, It means to use any good or service to satisfy any want or need. When a consumer uses consumer goods they gain satisfaction which Is called utility. Consumers have to make choices regarding their consumption and are assumed to want to maxillae their satisfaction or utility. Consumers also need to decide how much to save. Saving is deferred consumption in

Transformation of dracula

Transformation of Drachma Drachma Is a timeless novel written by Abram Stoker and to this day remains a thrilling read about good vs. evil In the form of Van Helping and his companions pitted against the supernatural forces of Count Drachma, the vampire from Transylvania. Not only was this novel about good vs.. Evil but upon inspection found to have many themes and views relevant to the time it was written. This caused it to be a huge success of its time and in 1922 the German director Murmur seeing the success of the story put it under transformation and named it Nonstarter.This silent film was very similar to Drachma except It was more relevant to the times It was written In. Public opinion about certain aspects of society had changed and even though both forms of media were set in the same timeshare some themes had been eliminated or turned on their heads. Now both these media were made in different styles with Drachma made in the gothic style. This is apparent with the Supernatur al aspect of Drachma and his Vampire kin. Stoker's descriptions of Drachma are always set as comparisons to animals so even when In human form Drachma Is not quite human but rather meeting far more unnatural.In Nonstarter the style Is the one of the time being German expressionism with themes prevalent throughout the film, the most obvious being the use of shadows to signify darkness and evil as well as the unknown. This is best captured with the powerful Image of count Errol walking up the stairs to attack Nina with his eerie shadow adding to the sense of darkness and mystery. Drachma had many themes but like Nonstarter was an expression of the times In which they were conceived In, so many themes in Drachma did not make the transition. GenderHierarchy was viewed as an Important cog of Victorian culture and that held true throughout the book with the submissive, helpless females needing the help of the apparent stronger sex, males. The only exception to this is Mina but even then s he is only able to by having â€Å"a man's brain†. Christian salvation and imagery was not part of the transformation process into nonstarter as being an important theme in Drachma is non-existent In Nonstarter. A great scene to help show this Is the killing of Lucy where after being killed for a second time Lucy Is restored to â€Å"unequalled sweetness ND purity'. SE of holy symbols only reinforces this theme with the crucifix and holy wafers making appearances. The theme of superstition vs.. Science is also at the forefront with the logical, rational dry Seward unable to explain the biting with all of his reasoning and it is only through superstition from a man of higher faith who is unable to uncover the mystery. Also when it comes to the hunting and killing of Drachma science is not enough to defeat the beast and faith Is needed to kill the monster. The big thing of the unknown ,strange east Invading progressive closedEngland was also not only an issue in the book but a n issue at the time with high immigration rates making some conservative Englishmen very nervous. Nonstarter due to the time it was made after the 1st world war therefore had more themes applying to post war Germany and some themes from Drachma where completely rubbed out with the gender hierarchy almost reversed as the men look like bumbling and his blatant disregard of clues from a book of vampires accompanied by Errol being deterred by the rosary the only mention of these two themes. Religion vs.. Science wasn't as big of as issue as at the time of nonstarter.This was different for Drachma as Charles Darning's origin of species had Just been published; challenging the faith of many Christians perhaps leading conservative Abram Stoker to show that religion is still important. In the sass's this wasn't as big of an issue and therefore was not a theme in the film. WWW was the bloodiest war in human history at that point and the Spanish influenza had Just ripped its way through Europ e. This is reflected in the way Count Errol brings death to Thomas Hatter's city with the scene f the coffins being taken down the street.You will notice that Count Oarlocks teeth are different to Drachma's. Errol has the teeth of a rat rather than the stereotypical enlarged canines. Also his arrival is matched by some rats who are also bringers of plague. So count Errol could be a symbol for the rat as he brings what is reported in the film as plague. All in all I believe Transformation to be a useful tool as it can expose people who enjoyed the original to something different and in Drachmas case show a great contrast between different times and different people.

The current state of legal aid funding leaves many Australians without access to justice

The current state of legal aid funding leaves many Australians without access to justice The Legal Aid Act was established in 1978 so that access to justice for the disadvantaged, poor or excluded Australian citizens would be enhanced in a cost-effective way (Bernard, Snipes and Gerould, 29). The Legal Aid Act established a Legal Aid Commission (LAC) that ensured that the citizens who did not have the capacity or means to hire and engage private legal practitioners were able to access the Australian justice system (Kubrin, Stucky and Krohn, 18).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The current state of legal aid funding leaves many Australians without access to justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This fact would help the citizens to enjoy relatively equal and just outcomes of criminal, civil, family and administrative law matters. This Act was also important in that the access to justice and equality would conform to the legitimacy of the Australian justice system. This aspect would therefore help in avo iding social fragmentation between those who would not afford private legal consultations and those who would. The Legal Aid Act[1] of 1978 contained thirteen parts. The parts included preliminary definitions, establishment and functions of the Legal Aid Commission, its committee and provisions of legal assistance by the commission, reconsideration and review of decisions, finances of the commission, administrative provisions relating to the Legal Aid Commission, committees and reviews. It also included consultative committees; miscellaneous liabilities of the commission and finally, the transitional and the savings part respectively (Ilana and Bard, 17). Annotations 1.Denniss, R. Fear, J. and Millane, E. (2012). â€Å"Justice for All.† Giving Australians greater access to legal systems, Institute paper 8(1), 3-8. Print. According to the article, every individual needs to get fair treatment in the courts. It is therefore necessary that he procures the representation of a lawy er in any given court case. Lawyers can be expensive depending on the seriousness of the case that needs to be resolved and the ability and capacity of the person seeking representation to pay for legal services. The legal system operates by the rule of law that applies to all citizens. The high cost of legal representation has fundamental implications on the rights of disadvantaged citizens. Since 1973, the legal aid system of Australia has been providing legal assistance and advice to the disadvantaged citizens who would otherwise not afford the access to justice. The legal aid system has however been â€Å"underfunded† since the withdrawal of the Commonwealth[2] funding. The present funding does not meet the level of needs of the Australian disadvantaged community. The legal aid commissions both at the state and territorial levels use complex forms of mechanisms for rationing and administering legal assistance so that the most appropriate and deserving cases qualify. In re ality, the limitation and rationing of legal assistance shows that only the most poor and rich citizens have a high probability of legal representation.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many Australian citizens belong to the vast middle class. This means that the accessibility of legal aid is low for poor citizens. This fact is true regardless of the strength of the individuals’ cases or the degree of justice that they pursue. Therefore, the legal aid[3] system has certain inclinations to only certain socio-economic cadres of the Australian society. Australians have not been confident with the Australian legal aid system for a long period of time. 2. Rix, Mark. Legal Aid, the Community Legal Sector and access to Justice: What has been the record of Australian Government? 2007. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Plymouth. Print. In his book, Rix argued that legal aid services s uffered due to the withdrawal of Commonwealth funding.Rix said that there was high concern that the quantity, quality and the degree of legal service assistance to people had declined in Australia. The cooperative model had been replaced by the purchase or provider funding. This fact had introduced another level of administrative and financial responsibility hence LACs channeled their funding elsewhere instead of using it in the provision of legal services to the citizens. The purchase or provider funding by the Commonwealth only funded matters that were under the Commonwealth law therefore inhibiting legal assistance to the needful. Many of the legal issues did not completely fall into the category of Commonwealth law and therefore, Australian citizens under the legal issues did not receive legal assistance. An example of a common legal issue that is not covered by the Commonwealth law and therefore receives no legal aid is domestic violence. The funding of only Commonwealth matter s leads to results that are insufficient, ineffective and illogical. Domestic violence should fall under family law which is under Commonwealth law. Domestic violence has a very high percentage of legal issues that need resolution. The purchase or provider scheme effectively reduced the funding required in legal family court issues, war veterans and child maintenance and support. This fact together with the reduction of funding from the Commonwealth completely changed the operations of the Legal Aid Commission. This restriction of funds meant that certain cases could not proceed and also a number of citizens who desperately needed legal assistance had very limited chances of getting the service. The number of people who could receive legal aid decreased and the probability of an applicant to get legal aid was reduced. The legal aid could also be provided with no charge and without any means of test or any procedural requirements. Legal aid could be in the form of grant money in acco rdance with part 3 of the Australian constitution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The current state of legal aid funding leaves many Australians without access to justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This fact showed that the commission could provide free legal aid to the applicants and could also determine which matters required the aid (Ivancevich and Matteson, 26). 3. Community Law Australia. (2012). â€Å"Unaffordable and Out of Reach.† The Problem of Access of Australian Legal System 12(3), 120-138. Print. According to the article, the legal system of Australia provides legal assistance to the less fortunate through legal aid commissions, community legal centers, indigenous legal service or other private lawyers who act as â€Å"pro bono†[4]. Due to the reduced funding of this service by the government, the legal aid services have been put in a situation that limits the eligibility of individ uals who are poor. Therefore, those citizens who need legal help but cannot afford representation do not often get it. The Australian government noted that about 98 percent of the individuals who received legal assistance were considered to be below the poverty line; hence this fact meant that most of the Australian citizens were unable to afford private legal assistance. Nevertheless, these individuals were eligible for legal assistance. Individuals who have no qualifications for legal aid usually go to community legal centers which deal with civil law. Civil law issues are dealt with by legal aid commissions. A majority of citizens who require legal assistance in civil law issues cannot be attended to. Due to funding challenges, the community legal centers have not been able to provide effective and sustainable aid. They have only been able to offer limited assistance which in most cases is not enough for the individual seeking legal assistance. Pro bono services and indigenous se rvices are also overused and cannot offer the proper and required legal assistance to people who are in need of them. The need for government funding that ensures provision of legal assistance should be provided to all individuals who are eligible for it. This study focuses on legal aid funding. Therefore, we shall review the financial perspective of the commission which is part 7of the financial section of the commission. The provision of the legal aid as per section 30 of the Legal Aid Act 1987 states that in accordance to subsections (2) or (4), the commission can provide legal aid. It may determine legal aid depending on the matter at hand. 4. Kirkwood, D. Inquiry to Legal and Access of Justice; Submission to the State and Constitutional References Committee. 2003. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia. Print. According to Kirkwood, the National Association of Legal Centers noted that there was a significant reduction of legal assistance in civil and family laws and also across all areas of law due to the poor funding by the government. This fact has overseen the reduction of individuals receiving legal aid. Reduction of legal assistance has really caused undue pressure on other legal service providers because most of the people do not receive any assistance at all.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The justice system has however become increasingly complex over the years. A significant improvement of the laws that govern and regulate citizens has continued to be realized. Australian citizens expect their government to expertly manage their own legal issues because they remit tax to the government. The process of out sourcing and privatization in Australia means that the citizens must negotiate with several providers so as to access basic services. The concept that each Australian citizen is equal before the law has been undermined greatly by funding issues therefore giving an opportunity to only those who can afford private legal aid. This aspect has greatly lowered the community’s confidence towards the justice system and law compliance. The access to justice through legal aid has become an unfulfilled promise of the government since many of the citizens are poor and their cases have not been prioritized. People who receive legal assistance subsequently get limited aid that is insufficient to resolve their legal matters. Empirical evidence has shown that other factors except the underfunding of legal aid services have greatly contributed to the poor services offered by legal aid services. Previous studies have shown that the legal aid reduction had very little effect on legal aid services. The study however showed that there was a high percentage of self-representation. The study also revealed that a lot of people in Australia believed that they were not eligible for legal aid. 5. Rosemary, H. Jeff, G. and April, C. (2003).†Law Journal.† Legal Aid and Self Representation in Family Court Australia 12(5), 23-38. Print. This article focused on the research in the emerging response of self-representation in the family courts in Sydney, Parramatta and Adelaide cities that are populated with people of both middle and lower classes. Most of the earlier research had focused on funding shortages but this research focused on self-representation and the access of legal aid by litigants. The study researched about the relationship between self-representation and the availability of legal aid funding in family law. The results were presented as statistical analysis. The study showed that from the litigants used in the research, only 12.3 percent had received help from a legal aid lawyer. This figure was small and was a reflection of the number of people in Australia who successfully received legal aid. Part of the cases had moved to court without the appearance of a lawyer. About 8.9 percent of the sample study went to court waiting for the appointed lawyer from the legal aid commission to represent them. Most of the clients who had successfully qualified for legal aid did not receive any lawyers to represent them due to the low numbers of legal representatives. This number represented about 5.4 percent of the population who had not been served by legal representatives. Majority of people, 44.6 percent, had their grants of l egal aid terminated or not extended as the court proceedings were on going. This fact showed the unreliability of the aid given by the commission. About 3.5 percent of the clients could not get legal aid for the type of legal issues they had because they did not fall under the Commonwealth law and about 5.2 percent could not access legal aid offices due to their geographical locations. These statistical figures gave a reflection of the state of legal aid services rendered to the citizens. The figures showed that only a small percentage of people received legal assistance fully. Certain clients received legal representation but lacked representation and the grants were terminated. This aspect clearly showed the unreliability of legal aid and led to reduced reliance on it by poor Australian citizens. Case study Dietrich versus the Queen This case is among the important cases in Australian judicial laws. It was decided by the Australian High Court on 13th December 1992. The case demons trated the need to accord fair trial to a defendant and exposed the corrupt nature of the Australian justice system. The case was an indictment of the Australian justice system and exposed its malpractices in terms of violation of the human rights of the defendant. The defendant had to be provided with legal assistance and if it would not have been provided, then the trial would have been adjourned until a legal representative was found. The name of the accused was Olaf Dietrich. The defendant was prosecuted for having been in possession of heroin which he had carried from Bangkok but was apprehended in Melbourne Airport on December, 1986. He had put the drugs in sachets and swallowed them. He was arrested one morning by Australian Federal Police. He was then taken to Pentrige Prison Hospital where he was induced into releasing the remaining sachets from his body. He claimed in court that the drugs had not been his but that the police had â€Å"implanted† them on him. His tri al took place in the Court of Victoria in 1988.He was prosecuted under the Customs Act of 1901 for being in possession and trafficking of drugs. During his trial, he had no legal representation although he had applied for it. The Legal Aid Commission declined to accord him legal representation and directed that it would only help him if he consented to all the charges brought against him by the state. He sought for legal representation and even filed for legal aid in the Supreme Court of Victoria without any progress. He was later convicted of the principle charge. He appealed to the Supreme Court but the court did not hear his appeal. In his appeal, there were several arguments raised. He was represented by David Grace who raised the argument of â€Å"miscarriage of justice† on his behalf. He did not procure legal representation throughout his trial and given the nature of the charges, legal representation should have been provided to him. Another argument was that the judg e should have adjourned the trial until he was assigned a legal representative. These arguments were based on common law. Dietrich was convicted of trafficking heroine but not being the owner of the heroine that had been found in a paper bag in his house by the police. This fact showed that Dietrich could have been acquitted of other charges if he had acquired legal representation from the beginning of the trial. Assessment of legal authorities The Australian legal system is organized and mandated to provide a fair trial to defendants and to deliver justice to the deserving (Lanier and Henry, 25). From the case of Dietrich versus the Queen1, an analysis can be made in accordance to how the trial was handled. The court convicted the defendant through the Customs Act 19012. This Act prohibited the trafficking of illegal substances and properties including drugs. Pursuant to the Victorian Crimes Act of 19583, every accused person was lawfully entitled to representation. The court howe ver did not wait for him to procure a legal representative and claimed that the law stipulated that the defendant had to pay for his own legal representation. In addition, the court ruled that the law did not say that the state would cater for legal representation of the victim (Lilly, Cullen and Ball, 15). Australia is a signatory to the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 4. In article 14(3) of the ICCPR, it states that the accused should have legal representation provided to him. The court however denied that and claimed that it had not incorporated the ICCPR into its domestic laws yet it was a signatory to it. As a signatory, the court should have taken into consideration the laws that were provided in the treaties that the state had subscribed to.[5] The right to representation was also enshrined in Chapter 3 of the Australian Constitution. The Crimes Act of 19584 gave authority to judges to demand legal representation for accused persons . These acts allowed representation although many of the legal systems failed to notify the defendants. The legal aid commission was obliged to give aid to indigent defendants and this showed that they were biased. Conclusion The Australian legal aid system should provide services to the disadvantaged people who cannot afford hiring legal representatives. Legal aid should also be availed to all citizens who need access and representation no matter the seriousness of their crimes (Siegel, 4). The Commonwealth laws should also be put into the contexts of territorial or state laws so as to address legal issues and create eligibility for applicants. The legal aid also needs to receive more funding from the government so that it can provide effective and efficient services to the community and easier access to justice (McLaughlin, Muncie and Hughes, 23). The rule of law is meant to serve all citizens equally. It should not be used as a form of privilege to those who have the means. Summa ry of the folios The folios give a clear reflection of the current state of legal aid in Australia. The underfunding, ineffective and inefficient services provided by the Australian government and the conditions for the access to legal aid for the people underscore the â€Å"fragile† nature of the Australian justice system (Hopkins, 14). Legal aid is meant to serve the disadvantaged but the case study reveals that not all disadvantaged people are eligible for the aid. The annotations also indicate that the services offered by legal aid commissions are inadequate and unreliable (Williams, 12). This fact reduces the little confidence left in the community in this system and therefore, this option is not viewed as a solution during legal issues. Acts and statutes that clearly state and grant individuals the legal assistance do not really convey this message to the community. This fact has made access to justice by the underprivileged very difficult because of the complexity of t he conditions for the aid and also lack of information about the aid. These folios can therefore be used to give evidence of the unjust and unreliable nature of the Australian legal aid system to the underprivileged citizens who have no access to the justice system. Bernard, Thomas, Snipes Jeffrey and Gerould Alex. Volds Theoretical Criminology (6th ed.), Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010.Print. Hopkins, Burke. An Introduction to Criminological Theory (3rd ed), Gloucester, UK: Willan Publishing, 2009.Print. Ilana, Kass, and Bard, O’Neill. The Deadly Embrace, London, USA: University Press of America, 2006. Print. Ivancevich, John, and Matteson, Michael. Organization Behaviour and Management of communication 3rd (Ed), Tetons, USA: Irwin, 2003.Print. Kubrin, Charis, Stucky Thomas and Krohn Marvin. Researching Theories of Crime and Deviance, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009.Print. Lanier, Mark, and Henry, Stuart. Essential Criminology (2nd ed), Boulder, USA: Wes tview Press, 2004.Print. Lilly, Robert, Cullen Frank and Ball Richard. Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences (4th ed), Thousand Oaks, UK: Sage Publications, 2007.Print. McLaughlin, Eugene, Muncie John and Hughes Gordon. Criminological Perspectives: Essential Readings (2nd ed), London.UK: Sage Publications, 2003.Print. Siegel, Larry. Introduction to criminal justice.12th Ed, Wadsworth, USA: Cengage Learning, 2009.Print. Williams, Katherine. Textbook on Criminology (6th ed), Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008.Print. Footnotes Legal Aid Act is legislation within the Australian law that aims to enhance access to justice for all citizens. The commonwealth refers to the union body of all former colonies of the British rule in the world. Legal aid refers to the legal representation and services given to clients. Pro bono is a term that refers to free legal services offered to indigent citizens. Dietrich V The Queen (1992)2Customs Act 1901(NSW) 3Victorian Crimes Act 1958 ( NSW) 4United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (December 16th 1966) entered into force (March 23rd 1976)

How the Lufthansa Heist Put the Mob in the Headlines

How the Lufthansa Heist Put the Mob in the Headlines If youve seen the movie Goodfellas, you already know the basic story: On December 11, 1978, a team of thieves led by an associate of the Lucchese crime family stole $6 million in cash and jewelry from the Lufthansa Airlines vault at Kennedy Airport. At the time, it was the most ambitious robbery in American history, and it still counts as one of the largest cash hauls ever, anywhere in the world.   The Genesis of the Lufthansa Heist Theres a reason employers dont like their workers to get involved with the mob: once youre in hock, theres no telling what youll give up to save your life. In the fall of 1978, a Kennedy Airport employee named Louis Werner owed $20,000 in gambling debts to a Mafia-associated bookie named Martin Krugman; to worm his way out, he gave Krugman a tip about a huge shipment of cash about to be shipped to New York by the German airline Lufthansa. (The money derived from monetary exchanges in West Germany used by American tourists and servicemen.) Krugman, in turn, told his fellow mob associate Henry Hill, who passed along the information to master thief Jimmy Burke (the latter two were portrayed by Ray Liotta and Robert de Niro, respectively, in Goodfellas). Beyond passing along the initial tip, Louis Werner was instrumental in successfully pulling off the Lufthansa heist, since he actually worked at Kennedy Airport. He gave the Burke crew a master key, briefed them on the names of the employees who would be working the day of the heist, and even told them the best place to park their getaway car. Before they could spring into action, though, the robbers had to square things away with the Five Families of New York: the Lucchese family backed the operation, but the Gambino family insisted on placing one of its own soldiers with the crew and the Bonnano family demanded a cut of the proceeds, since Kennedy Airport was technically on its turf. The Day of the Heist Oddly enough, given its centrality to the movies plot, Martin Scorsese doesnt actually depict the Lufthansa heist in Goodfellas; all he gives audiences is a shot of Ray Liotta celebrating in the shower as the robbery is reported on the radio. In any event, the heist went off amazingly smoothly: at three oclock in the morning, Burkes crew burst into the Kennedy Airport facility, rounded up the employees (without, thankfully, actually killing anybody) and loaded 40 parcels of cash into their waiting van, and then sternly warned their hostages not to alert the authorities for 15 minutes. Why 15 minutes? Because Louis Werner made sure to tell Burke that Port Authority police could seal off Kennedy Airport (which is the size of a small city) within 90 seconds of a distress call. But heres where things began to get sloppy. The robbers drove to Jimmy Rourkes garage in Canarsie, Brooklyn, and loaded the money into another vehicle that was then driven to a safe house (no one knows exactly where) by Burke and his son. But rather than taking the original car to a junkyard in New Jersey, where it was supposed to be immediately compacted, getaway driver Parnell Stacks Edwards chose to get high instead in his girlfriends apartment, parking the van carelessly on the street outside. By morning, the police had the van in custody, and Edwards fled into the night, his fingerprints still on the steering wheel. The Bloody Aftermath of the Lufthansa Heist Not a sentimental man in the best of times, Jimmy Burke, in possession of $6 million in cash, was driven to murderous paranoia in the aftermath of the Lufthansa heist. It didnt take long for the police to put two and two together and identify the Burke crew as the likely culprits; they wired Burkes lounge, tapped the pay phones out on the street, and even followed members of the gang in black helicopters. In order to cover his tracks, Burke went on a killing spree. The first to go was Stacks Edwards (executed in his home, in a scene memorably recreated in Goodfellas with Joe Pesci and Samuel L. Jackson); the body of Martin Krugman was never found; and at least seven other people associated with the heist also wound up whacked or missing. In the end, despite its  reams of surveillance, the FBI was never able to definitively connect the Burke gang with the Lufthansa heist, and the money was never recovered. (Ironically, the only person ever convicted for the robbery was Louis Werner, the inside man who had made the entire scheme possible.) As for Jimmy Burke, he wound up jailed by the feds for his involvement in a college basketball point-shaving scam. and was then slapped with another 20 years for the murder of Richard Eaton (a low-level mob associate who was briefly depicted in Goodfellas frozen stiff and hanging off a meat hook). Burke died of cancer in 1996, and Henry Hill in 2012, meaning that we may never know how many houses, sports cars, fur coats and home theaters the cash from the Lufthansa heist wound up funding.

The Most Important Factor in SEO

The Most Important Factor in SEO The Most Important Factor in SEO The Most Important Factor in SEO By Mark Nichol If you, or the business or organization you work for, want people to visit your (or its) website, you should know the most important factor in search engine optimization. As you probably know, SEO is any set of strategies designed to improve your website’s ranking in an online search. Various sources ascribe varying values to such strategies, but most SEO experts agree that the following approaches are important: Content should be well written, relevant, engaging, and frequently updated. Title, meta description, and header tags should contain terms that accurately reflect site content. URLs, or website addresses, should be short and should contain relevant keywords. A website’s longevity, and its reputation among popular websites with related content (indicated by shared content, links to your site, and references to your site), are also beneficial factors. There are additional techniques, but these are the basics that content producers should be aware of. You should also be alert to one of the factors that causes a website to be penalized in search engine rankings: Content that lacks depth and substance and that uses keywords excessively. Most website administrators, webmasters, and content producers are aware that search engines companies are constantly refining their products to reward websites with high-quality content and penalize those that ignore these simple, self-evident principles. However, it’s surprising how often one still comes across densely keyword-laden, awkward content that is designed for search engines, not human beings, to read. This approach to SEO is akin to that of a retail establishment that temporarily offers free products or services or that stations attractive, scantily clad models at the store entrance for a particular promotion. These techniques certainly encourage customers (I know both of them get my attention), but they have nothing to do with the quality of the products or services; once the freebies and the hotties go away, will customers come back? By the same token, if you want people to return to your website, give them what they want and what they want should be what you have to offer, not distracting diversions. The quantity of content varies widely depending on what that is, but quality is constant: Website content should be clear, concise, and informative. Compare the following paragraph from the About page for Daily Writing Tips with the one after that, which reflects what I would probably write if I were unfortunate enough to be an SEO content creator rather than a writer: â€Å"Whether you are an attorney, manager, or student, writing skills are essential to your success. The rise of the information age with the proliferation of e-mails, blogs, and social networks makes the ability to write clear, correct English more important than ever.† â€Å"Daily Writing Tips knows that English-writing skills are essential to your success. Whether you are an attorney, manager, or student, you need to write English well. Read tips about how to write English better at Daily Writing Tips. At Daily Writing Tips, we will show you how to write English well, use correct English spelling and proper English punctuation, and use the right English words. Bookmark Daily Writing Tips now for the best English-writing tips.† One paragraph tells you what you need to know. The other makes you want to scream. It isn’t content. It’s data. It is designed to be read by a machine. Design your content to be read by people. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsBest Websites to Learn EnglishA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

(For Engineering Applicants Only) If you are applying to the Pratt Essay

(For Engineering Applicants Only) If you are applying to the Pratt School of Engineering, please discuss why you want to study engineering and why you would like to study at Duke - Essay Example Besides, I chose Clark because it offers my desired 3/2 dual engineering program in conjunction with Columbia University which is another reputed university in U.S. It provides an opportunity to earn prestigious B.A. degree and B.S. degree in engineering from Columbia University (CU). I have the option to major in any of the fields of engineering available. The Engineering degree from CU would offer me a rewarding and lucrative career like job satisfaction, variety of career opportunities, working challenges including in scientific and technological areas , self professional development including creativity and critical thinking, financial security, status in society, beneficiary to the society etc. It has an academic program center in China. I would get an opportunity to experience all around American culture. In the changing world the Liberal Arts college provides career-based education than the broad-based, choosing of a right college for post-secondary education is therefore not only an individual choice but a big decision for a student. Lafayette College’s mission for commitment to intellectual integrity and achievement not only made my decision easy but is a right choice because I too follow the intellectual and achievement path for learning. I had been a student known for raising issues and discussing topics on different subjects related with my high school study in class as well as in school. This could become possible because of my intellectuality power like languages achievement (language fluency for both English and Chinese), visualizing, logical, problem creations and solving etc. Many honors and rewards conferred on me speak the truth for themselves. As a part of my ongoing intellectuality power I would of course try to participate in the distinctive McKelvy House Schol ars Program during my stay at Lafayette. I would utilize my intellectuality power to earn my Bachelors

Why do you want to study engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why do you want to study engineering - Essay Example And although after such repairs I was often soiled and not everything worked from the first try, but I liked to watch how after my intervention mechanisms ran like clockwork. Thus, I realized that I’m good with machines which I never learned before. In the 11th grade I moved to the United States. It was another step for me to reach my dream. I got there more freedom, as I had to decide everything on my own without any help from my parents and relatives. As soon as I chose my engineer career, I was looking for University that would fit me ideally. Thus, I found out that Germany is the right place for me to study. So currently I’m preparing to enter the German University. So you can see that there are several reasons why I want to study engineering. Firstly, I am really good deal with different kinds of machines and mechanisms and I like math and physics. I understand that engineers are needed to work with technique everywhere, as we cannot imagine our life without it, and I am really aspirated about helping other people in their daily life improvement. Finally, I have all the necessary skills for successful engineering career: I have technical way of thinking and well-developed spatial imagination, as well as I am able to make independent decisions and have creative in problem solving. Last but not least, I am very curious about different approaches to the engineering in Germany. I am sure this internship fits me ideally as it has a great basic which meet my specific needs – it gives an opportunity to develop my knowledge and abilities for further investigations in the field of †¦ . So this internship may make my dream come true and I will get an opportunity to change the

No title needed Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No title needed - Article Example According to CBO, if the legislation is passed, it will grant $1.047 trillion in ordinary appropriated funding for government functions on yearly basis. The funding is line with the discretionary spending caps found in the Budget control Act. The ordinary appropriated financing in the bill is $7.9 billion which is 0.6% above that of FY 2012. It includes the financing of overseas contingency functions /global war on terrorism (c.9 billion) and disaster aid at $6.4 billion. Therefore, as stated by CBO, the total expenses in the bill are said to be below the FY 2012 total spending levels by $26.6 billion.1 The requirement of the legislation to grant $1.047 trillion in ordinary appropriations is steady with spending maximum enclosed in the BCA. To arrive at this financing level, the legislation would appropriate amounts suitable for offering ordinary discretionary financing at the FY 2012 levels raised by 0.612% across the board. The appropriated finances would be obtainable until the prior of enactment of valid appropriations legislation, that is, march 27, 2013. The BCA permitted modifications to discretionary spending perimeters for appropriations to grant disaster funding, lessen waste and exploitation in social security disability and healthcare financial support and ensure global war on terrorism. One of the hurdles the bill had to overcome is the long running disagreement among the parties over how much expenses should be allowed in the FY 2013. The debt ceiling agreement for the previous year ascertained a discretionary expenses cap of $1.047 trillion but earlier 2012 the House GOP surpassed a budget resolution, which restricted overall expenses at $ 1.028 trillion2. Hence this led to the disagreements between the two parties in the house regarding this bill. The bill has as well overcome the hurdle of being considered to increase expense limits beyond the open limits in the bill, a focus to a point of order. This is because;

Genre Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genre Analysis - Essay Example This right to bear arms extended by the Constitution to the American citizens is causing many problems. There is a section of the American political class and citizens that believes that the buying and keeping of guns need to be subjected to tough laws as this allows any criminal minded person to buy guns and inflict violence on innocent citizens. The recent shoot out at a naval base in Washington, D.C. is an apt example of this. There is another section of the politicians and the citizens who believe that the existing constitutional right to buy and carry arms should not be tampered with, as it violates the freedom and rights extended to the citizens by the Constitution. Thereby gun control is an issue that is very controversial in the current context and the opinion of the American politicians and people tends to be very polarized regarding this issue. This paper will analyze four genres expressing opinion and views about the issue of gun control. Genre 1: Bumper Sticker The given bumper sticker tends to protest against the framing of tough laws regarding gun control. The very first line of this bumper sticker is indeed attention grabbing and thought provoking as it tries to make the audience aware of the larger issues associated with gun control that are the issues pertaining to individual freedom and liberty. The placing of the target message in rust brown against a white background makes the sticker quiet attention grabbing and attractive. The overall appeal of the message inherent in this bumper sticker is indeed emotive as it tries to solicit the public support by suggesting that tough gun control laws will deprive the people of their freedom and liberty. Genre 2: YouTube Video â€Å"Debating a Gun Control Fanatic†. YouTube. Retrieved 14 October 2012 from, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNb34vPqrN0 The given YouTube video at the pretext of interviewing a person who is strictly supportive of tougher gun control laws tries to make a point that the p eople supporting tougher gun control laws are actually unreasonable and misinformed. The anchor in this video tends to interview a lone gun control supporter in the background of a rally being organized against gun control. The interviewer time and again tries to put words in the mouth of this gun control supporter, systematically trying to convey that this gun control supporter is of unsound reasoning ability, thereby trying to paint all the gun control supporters as being fanatics and incapable of reasoning. Time and again data showing that guns do not lead to a higher crime rate and loss of innocent lives is flashed in the back ground of this interview. The objective of this interview seems to be to frame the lone gun control supporter as an example of the irrationality and misinformation marking a support for tough gun laws. Genre 3: A Popular Magazine Article Zakaria, Fareed. â€Å"The Case for Gun Control†. Time Magazine, 20 August 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2013, from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2121660,00.html The given article written by Fareed Zakaria, a renowned media personality, tends to address the audience who are interested in a well balanced and rational catechism as to the reasons that account for a peculiarly high gun homicide rate in the US. Far from the video discussed above,

Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in Sports and Entertainment Research Paper

Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in Sports and Entertainment - Research Paper Example There have been times when proper rights do not get provided which results in an outcry among the employees of the industry. The history of formation contracts can be dated back from 1960s and early 1970s when Major League Baseball Player Association (MLBPA) entered into the scenario. Introduction of players association also enabled sports agent to enter into the games and then with the passage of time, in late 1990s the trend of sports agencies or more renowned as sports agency firms started and afterwards many players joined several sports agencies and today all big names in sports have some kind of affiliation or connection with sports agencies. Players like Roger Federer, Tiger Woods, Maria Sharapova have affiliation with Octagon. NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB have affiliations with IMG. there are many other stars having their own agents who negotiate with different organizations and producers on different issues (Ferrand, Torrigiani, & Povill, 2007). Having a contract is one of the legal way to form an agreement or relationship between the organization and the person. Therefore celebrities as well as players need to have form agreements with the organization. Contact is important because it defines the rights and obligation of both the parties involved. And in this way one can avoid different conflicts and negotiate with each other in more effective and efficient manner. With the introduction of third parties like agents and sport agency firms along with the popularity of different sports and celebrities because of extensive coverage of media, at the same time more investors and organizations are ready to make investment in sports and media, the bargaining power of players, athletes and celebrities have increased a lot against organizations and sponsors. Therefore now players, celebrities and athletes demand a lot more than before. Previously associations used to pay after making the players and celebrities

Genre Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genre Analysis - Essay Example This right to bear arms extended by the Constitution to the American citizens is causing many problems. There is a section of the American political class and citizens that believes that the buying and keeping of guns need to be subjected to tough laws as this allows any criminal minded person to buy guns and inflict violence on innocent citizens. The recent shoot out at a naval base in Washington, D.C. is an apt example of this. There is another section of the politicians and the citizens who believe that the existing constitutional right to buy and carry arms should not be tampered with, as it violates the freedom and rights extended to the citizens by the Constitution. Thereby gun control is an issue that is very controversial in the current context and the opinion of the American politicians and people tends to be very polarized regarding this issue. This paper will analyze four genres expressing opinion and views about the issue of gun control. Genre 1: Bumper Sticker The given bumper sticker tends to protest against the framing of tough laws regarding gun control. The very first line of this bumper sticker is indeed attention grabbing and thought provoking as it tries to make the audience aware of the larger issues associated with gun control that are the issues pertaining to individual freedom and liberty. The placing of the target message in rust brown against a white background makes the sticker quiet attention grabbing and attractive. The overall appeal of the message inherent in this bumper sticker is indeed emotive as it tries to solicit the public support by suggesting that tough gun control laws will deprive the people of their freedom and liberty. Genre 2: YouTube Video â€Å"Debating a Gun Control Fanatic†. YouTube. Retrieved 14 October 2012 from, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNb34vPqrN0 The given YouTube video at the pretext of interviewing a person who is strictly supportive of tougher gun control laws tries to make a point that the p eople supporting tougher gun control laws are actually unreasonable and misinformed. The anchor in this video tends to interview a lone gun control supporter in the background of a rally being organized against gun control. The interviewer time and again tries to put words in the mouth of this gun control supporter, systematically trying to convey that this gun control supporter is of unsound reasoning ability, thereby trying to paint all the gun control supporters as being fanatics and incapable of reasoning. Time and again data showing that guns do not lead to a higher crime rate and loss of innocent lives is flashed in the back ground of this interview. The objective of this interview seems to be to frame the lone gun control supporter as an example of the irrationality and misinformation marking a support for tough gun laws. Genre 3: A Popular Magazine Article Zakaria, Fareed. â€Å"The Case for Gun Control†. Time Magazine, 20 August 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2013, from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2121660,00.html The given article written by Fareed Zakaria, a renowned media personality, tends to address the audience who are interested in a well balanced and rational catechism as to the reasons that account for a peculiarly high gun homicide rate in the US. Far from the video discussed above,

Nursing and the healthcare skills and qualifications Essay

Nursing and the healthcare skills and qualifications - Essay Example ient care and patient needs in such a way that it shows the respect of the healthcare provider for the personal, social, and political beliefs of the patient. By doing so, the healthcare provider will be able to administer the proper healthcare services to the patient and also earn the patients trust and loyalty due to the respect that has been shown for his or her beliefs in life. It is important to remember that a nurse must first and foremost, be conscious of the people around her and the patient. Being on the front line of patient care, a nurse will often find himself or herself spending more time speaking to the patient and his family members than the primary care physician ever will. As such, the nurse is in a unique position to facilitate the speedy recovery of the patient and also help ease the anxiety of the family. Oftentimes, the family members and patients will be anxious, afraid, embarrassed or distressed about their health situation, so they need a professional who can show them the respect, sensitivity,and empathy that they require throughout the time of the patient in the hospital. By doing so, the nurse will be able to help ease the psychological stress that everyone in the family is undergoing. Basically, being a nurse is a social job. It requires the nurse to be able to communicate effectively with family members. Putting them at ease whenever necessary and ensuring that she or he can help bridge the communication gap that often transpires between the patient, family members, and the doctor in charge. Sometimes, it is a thankless job, but the reward for the nurse comes at the end when the patient gets better and finally goes home to his family. Keep in mind that modern day nurses now hold a position of importance in the patient care community that rivals that of the doctors. The evolution of the job description has changed so much since the time of Florence Nightingale that nurses today no longer just sit by the sidelines, awaiting

Rough Draft Essay Example for Free

Rough Draft Essay Imagine if someone is pretending to be you, using your credit card to indulge themselves in items that they would never be able to afford. Credit card fraud is far too common today, losing a wallet can mean losing your identity. A credit card can be a positive or negative thing, depending whose hands it’s in. Credit card fraud is a problem, that I believe, I have found the solution to. Fraud is any negative type of deception or trickery. Credit card fraud is the problem of our generation because we are constantly hit with new technology and it distracts us from the things we are responsible for. The leading victims of credit card fraud are those at the ages between 21 through 36†, (credit. com). There are many types of credit card frauds including, â€Å"counterfeit cards, lost or stolen cards, identity-theft fraud, or simply giving your information to a company who isn’t legit, but is only after your money†, (Statistics Brains). In the end credit card fraud effects all of us, because it ruins the economy with all the money that is â€Å"borrowed† but not reimbursed. It can mentally, emotionally, and physically affect the card holder who has to deal with all the financial troubles that can potentially ruin a life if it isn’t dealt with properly. According to Nan Little, author of the article â€Å"The Negative Effects of Stress†, states that â€Å"stress is the leading cause of anxiety, depression, heart disorders, weight, and difficulty sleeping†. â€Å"Credit card fraud costs hundreds of millions of dollars every year†, (Bob Nefer). That is money that could be used for school programs, or positive outreaches to our own communities, which are in need. Consequences can become depressing as the holder sometimes has to pay out of pocket. If payments are neglected a collection company will take money from his or her paycheck. My solution to credit card fraud would be a GPS tracker inserted into all credit cards. The tracker would allow its holder to always know where their card is. First, I would talk to executive owners of most credit card companies, and tell them about my great idea. Second, I would then have investors invest in my idea and craftily build the micro GPS tracker as thin as a single sheet of paper. Finally after incorporating it into participating cards, I guarantee you they will easily sell. My solution will work because it would prevent the loss of credit cards. If the card is found before any fraud can occur then the problem would be easily fixed. Some may argue that it would take an immense amount of money to create the new traceable cards. Although production of the new cards would require a lot of money, they would ultimately prevent the loss of much more money, and pay for themselves. Additionally all investors would be reimbursed completely. Credit card fraud being so dangerous and causing so much stress, can be resolved by a simple and innovative item, which does in fact save a few headaches. Having technology so advanced in today’s world has made impossible things completely possible. I believe this is just the start of something great for our future, just imagine greater things than this concept. Let us not deprive yourselves from the life we are living now, but indulge ourselves in greater things, because we all deserve it.

Redundancy Allocation using Multiple Weighted Objectives

Redundancy Allocation using Multiple Weighted Objectives Redundancy Allocation using multiple weighted objectives heuristic Abstract A new method for optimization of system reliability was put forward and tested. In this method, the main aim is to maximize the individual system reliability. The product of individual system reliability multiples to the reliability of the entire system. Hence the multiple weighted objective heuristic involves breaking down of the problem into multiple objectives and in turn into different single objective problem. Then this sequence is done by solving the linear programing formulation. The results obtained are efficient solutions which depends on the readily available tools. Thus, on the whole this new method is more efficient when compared to the already available practices for both efficiency and performance. INTRODUCTION of Articles The main aim of this journal is to design an optimal solution to maximize the system reliability. It involves solving a challenging nonlinear programming that is widely studied and applied. A new multiple weighted objective method was introduced by converting the problem into different individual objective to maximize each subsystem reliability for a series and parallel system. The problem is further converted to a sequential standard linear programming algorithms in a updated process. It is easily adapted process as it easily accepts problems with a mix of components with a high-performance level. Various mathematical programming and other optimization methods where solved using redundancy allocation. The redundancy allocation was solved by constraining the problem to only one type of component of the subsystem using dynamic programming. Surrogate approach is a efficient way to accommodate multiple constraints with dynamic programming. Mathematical programming approaches restricts by allowing one component choice for each subsystem. In the example shown in the figure below shows a series parallel system. For each subsystem, there are multiple, functional equivalent components available for used. The design involves single component selection for each subsystem or multiple components selected in parallel. The decision variables for redundancy allocation are choice of components and level of redundancy. The MWO involves converting single objective into multiple sub objectives. The next step is to combine multiple objectives into single objective into single objectives using objective weights. Different optimization was implemented with integer programming and using max-min concept to obtain an optimal pareto solution. Nomenclature Xij number of components of type j used in subsystem i R(x)- System reliability Ri(xi)- reliability of subsystem i Wi objective weight assigned to the ith subsystem Rimin- minimum subsystem reliability for subsystem i Explanation of the work presented in journal articles The objective of the problem is to maximize the system reliability R(x), given the constraints of the system which is mainly a series-parallel system. There are mi functionally equivalent components available with different reliability, cost and weight for each subsystem. There are two general solution strategies for multiple objective problem. The first strategy is to obtain a composite function by combining the multiple objective functions. The second strategy is by obtaining a pareto-optimal set which is not a very effective method for the series-parallel configuration system, as there would be only possible optimal solution for one subsystem with very high reliability and other with very low reliability. The solution may have a feasible optimal outcome technically but practically it is a very poor solution for the series-parallel configuration. The formulation consists of several distinctive features that is presented. First is by transformation method to obtain an equivalent linear formulation for the redundancy allocation problem by using standard integer formulation tools and features. The second is that this formulation allows mixing the part components as a linearized formulation and hence not limiting the solution space. A sequence of Algebraic operations is used to convert multiple objective problem into equivalent subsystem problem. Numerical weights are combined to result in multiple objectives. All objectives are equally important and are assigned with equal weights as failure is caused due to failure of any independent system. A initial system design solution is derived by obtaining the solution for the problem. There are several possible possibilities to create a new problem. There are two alternatives, one is to increase iteratively and systematically the objective weights. And the other is to iteratively add constraints and reduce the minimum subsystem reliability. The original problem formulation, and the surrogate multiple objective formulation, are presented below as Problems P1 P2. Problem 1: Problem 2 : Problem P3 is a nonlinear integer programming that is difficult to solve. An equivalent linear programming is formulated through a series of objective transformation. An equivalent objective function has the same optimal solution. Discussion of Contributions The MWO heuristic depends on an other or surrogate detailing. For the surrogate issue, the goal is to maximize the reliability of every subsystem exclusively to form a multiple objective optimization. It is coherent that, if the dependability of every subsystem is increased, then the entire system reliability will likewise be high. By taking different problem and different general solution to combine various individual solution into a combined single objective solution for the system. The author considers different distinct characteristics and cases for formulating a linear programming for redundancy allocation. He undertakes two different strategies, first being transforming the standard integer programming tools and software. The second he combines parts for linear formulation and not restricting the solution space. He formulated an equivalent linear program that is obtained series of objective transformation for a non-linear integer programming which is usually difficult to solve. An similar constant value is subtracted by which the optimal solution is not changed. Maximization problem is converted to minimization problem. The solution that maximizes the system reliability also maximizes the subsystem reliability. Discussion of Dificiency and Potential Improvements The parameter that limits the process in this method is the solution time. Small problems that are less than five subsystems can be solved by integer programming formulation for many combinational problem, but for large problems that are greater than ten subsystems it is theoretically impossible to solve. In this process, most instances were solved in under 15 seconds. If by taking in account the size of the problem obtained from the CPU is very promising. Summary The multiple heuristic depends on the original problem into a multiple objective problem. The solution for this optimization problem can be determined by this method in an effective way. Many examples were tested using this method and the results that were obtained was good. It can give a fast check of feasibility for nonlinear problem formulations and for more difficult problem. It has simplicity and ease of implementation; the heuristic was proved to be a good process to solve the redundancy allocation problem. The concern about the applicability of the MWO2 heuristic was solution time. References David W. Coit and Abdullah Konak Multiple Weighted Objectives Heuristic for the Redundancy Allocation Problem ieee transactions on reliability, vol. 55, no. 3, september 2006. W. Kuo, V. Prasad, F. Tillman, and C. L. Hwang, Optimal Reliability Design: Fundamentals and Applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. D. W. Coit and A. E. Smith, Reliability optimization for series-parallel systems using a genetic algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 254-260, June 1996. Probability of Failure Probability of Failure Mode Possible Failure Rate Probability Ranking Very High : Failure is almost inevitable à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 2 .50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1.00 10 Very High à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 3 .33 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 9 High : repeated Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 8 .125 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 8 High à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 20 .05 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 7 Moderate : Occasional Failures à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 80 .0125 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 6 Moderate à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 400 .0025 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 5 Moderate : Infrequent Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 2000 .0005 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p .0025 4 Low : Relatively Few Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 15,000 .0000667 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 3 Low à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 150,000 6.7 x 10^-6 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 2 Remote : failure is Unlikely à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 1,500,000 6.7 x 10^-7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 1 Likelihood of Detection Detection Criteria Ranking Almost Impossible No known way detect failure mode 10 Very Remote Very unlikely to detect failure mode 9 Remote Unlikely to detect failure mode 8 Very low Very low chance to detect failure mode 7 Low Low Chance to detect failure mode 6 Moderate Moderate chance to detect failure mode 5 Moderately High Moderately high chance to detect failure mode 4 High Likely to detect failure mode 3 Very High Very likely to detect failure mode 2 Almost Certain Will almost certainly detect failure mode 1 Severity Rating Severity Criteria Ranking Hazardous-without Warning May endanger operator; noncompliance with regulations; affects the safe use of the product; failure will occur without warning 10 Hazardous-with Warning May endanger operator, noncompliance with regulations; affects the safe use of the product; failure will occur with warning. 9 Very High Process or product inoperable with loss of primary function; major disruption to the production line; product may have to be scrapped; customer very dissatisfied 8 High Process or product operable but at reduced level of performance; minor disruption to production line; the product may have to be sorted and a proportion ( less that 100%) scrapped; customer dissatisfied 7 Moderate Process or product operable but comfort or convenience items inoperable; minor disruption to production line; a portion (less than   100%) of the product may have to be scrapped (no sorting); customer experience discomfort 6 Low Process or product operable but comfort or convenience at reduced level of performance ; minor disruption to production line; a 100% of the product may have to be reworked; customer experience some dissatisfaction 5 Very Low Minor disruption to production line; product may have to be sorted and a portion ( less that 100% ) reworked; cosmetic (fit and finish) defect (nonconformance ) noticed by most customer 4 Minor Minor disruption to production line;   a portion of the product may have to be   ( less than 100%) reworked on-line but out of station cosmetic (fit and finish) defect (nonconformance) noticed by average customer 3 Very Minor Minor disruption to production line; a portion of the product may have to be (less that 100%) reworked on-line but in-station; cosmetic (fit and finish) defect (nonconformance) noticed by discrimination customers 2 None No Effect 1 Failure Analysis The motive of RCM is not to prevent the failure but to preserve the functions. Initially the focus was mainly on preventing failure of every maintenance schedule. But the products became more complex and maintenance cost increase in absolute terms as well as percentage of the products total life cycle cost. Soon it was clear the preventing the failure was technically and economically impractical. Instead, they came up with the solution of preserving the function of the system which lead to the development of RCM technique. Failure Identifying the functions and their function failure is an important step in RCM. Study about the failure mode identification will also have a greater impact on the system reliability. Some of the Type of Failures are Function Failure When the system fails to perform to do its intended function then its referred as Functional Failure. The mission and motive of the system will be directly be affected when the function fails. To understand about the functional failure a deep study has to been carried out on the required function. Evident failure When the failure is evident or is been made to evident to the operator, the failure is said to be an evident failure. Later, Display, dial or gauges, audible or alarms or other forms of instrument alert the operator to the failure. Hidden Failure A hidden failure is a functional failure of an item that has occurred, which has not made any impact to the system, and also not evident to the operator, but which can cause a function failure to the end system. Because of the redundancy nature of the system, the system will not fail for the single point of failure. The system will lose its function on a multiple failures.