The Hungry Tide, By Amitav Ghosh - 1377 Words

Nature cannot be separated from humanity. This may seem obvious as humans are a part of the natural world, but too many times people often overlook this fact of their existence. Most likely this is a result of movements such as the Industrial Revolution which has brought man from the natural environment to an artificial environment. In the beginning, and even now, this has been seen as a luxury and a testimony to the power of mankind. It seems as if man has outsmarted nature. However, we are only now beginning to see the true effects of this seeming victory, as climate change becomes a more threatening and inescapable force. In the novel The Hungry Tide, author, Amitav Ghosh, uses a cross between narration and environmentalism as a†¦show more content†¦In this description, the sun and tide become personified in the active voice. This is not true personification because Ghosh still uses the pronoun â€Å"it† to describe both of the natural elements. However, the use of the active voice creates a sense of personification because it gives a feeling of action to objects we do not normally think to act. By doing this, the author forces the reader to acknowledge that all of nature is alive and active in somewhat similar ways as humans. Even the nature of objects like the sun and a river are alive despite their lack of biology. Their life does not come from cells but from the movement and patterns of their cycles, like the cycle of the sunrise in the morning and the sunset in the evening. The difference between the life of nature and the life of human beings, and other biological creatures exist in time. Compared to the lifespan of the natural world, humanity’s lifespan as a whole is a tiny speck. Nature existed before humanity and can go on existing even after the end of humanity. In an article on climate change, written by Chakrabrty, he uses the words â€Å"finitude of humanity† to describe this possibility of nature living on without humans. This possibility is ever increasing as climate change continues to threaten human’s very existence byShow MoreRelatedThe Hungry Tide By Amitav Ghosh1232 Words   |  5 Pagestransform itself and settle in fiction in order to come into light. Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide giving its way to full length discussions on various globally concerned concepts is definitely a thoughtful attempt of providing a space that can capture that panic universal cry of dispossessed people, which, many a times, fails to secure any place in the mainstream recording of history. DISCUSSION The novel, The Hungry Tide, though on the surface level ostensibly poses the state of Nash-equilibriumRead MoreAmitav Ghosh the Hungry Tide and the Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano5089 Words   |  21 PagesBoth The Hungry Tide and The Interesting Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano are tales of sociological hardships combined with a life bound to the sea. The ocean plays a significant role in the text offering disempowerment to some whilst empowering others. In The Interesting Narrative the slave trade was in full swing and a capitalist attitude heavily dominates the text, whilst in The Hungry Tide capitalism plays a smaller role and the humanitarian backdrop of the story is a more central theme. In thisRead MoreThe Question of Ideology in Amitav Ghoshs the Hungry Tide5019 Words   |  21 PagesThe Question of Ideology in Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide The stalwarts of Indian writing in English like Salman Rushdie, Khushwant Singh, Mukul Kesavan, Vikram Chandra, Amitav Ghosh and the like, are writing in a postcolonial space using novel as a means of cultural representation. Their novels are generally assumed to be engaged in postcolonial consciousness but a close study of the thematic range proves that the novels also attempt to universalized humanistic gesture, for human nature and socialRead MoreThe Transcendent Dimension Of Ecology Essay1878 Words   |  8 PagesThe Transcendent Dimension of Ecology in Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide Dr. R. Badhridevanath, Assist. Prof. English IQAC Coordinator, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autnomous) Elayampalayam Tamilnadu bathridevanath@gmail.com Charles Godwin, Asst. Prof. of English, Akash Degree College, Bangalore. Charlesgodwin.k@gmail.com Ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment. The word ‘Eco’ and ‘Critic’ is derived from theRead MoreVision of Man-Woman Relationship in The Hungry Tide2369 Words   |  10 PagesRusdie, Shobha De, Manju Kapoor, Amitav Ghosh etc. deal with this theme minutely in Indian social milieu. Amitav Ghosh, an anthropologist-cum-novelist possesses a deep knowledge of human psyche regarding man-woman relationships. He is concerned with the inner world of his characters. He tries to look for the deep desires, emotions and feelings felt by his characters and shows them as the influencing factor behind their action. In his novel ‘The Hungry Tide’ (2004), Ghosh chiefly focuses on the extensiveRead MoreThe Hungry Tide Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesPeterson ENG 380 12 Dec. 2016 The Hungry Tide: A Desired Utopia of Political Ecology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Hungry Tide, Amitav Ghosh explores the ecosystem of the Sundarbans, varying narration between third person and first person perspectives, primarily through the main characters Piya, Kanai, and Fokir. The story traces the transformation of these three main characters from disengaged spectators to invested insiders. However, each of them perceives the biome of tide country through quite different lensesRead MoreNature as Creator and Destroyer in the Hungry Tide2379 Words   |  10 PagesN.Sukanya PhD Research Scholar Department of English Periyar University Salem-11 Nature as a Creator and Destroyer in The Hungry Tide Man, though wonders at the beauty of nature and its creations, fails to realize that they are also part of the web of life in the earth. Moreover, they adopt an anthropocentric attitude towards nature which, in fact, results in exploitation of it. This kind of attitude towards nature has urged several critics and writers to warn them of nature’s two-sidedRead MoreThe Pastoral And Wilderness Story Template Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesnavigating domesticated animals (sheep) demonstrates that the template is pastoral. When Muir separates from the shepherds and takes a hike by himself, the template changes to the wilderness template. Question 2. Amitav Ghosh does offer moments of analepsis in his novel, The Hungry Tide. Ghosh follows a story by including his main protagonist Kanai and his secondary protagonist Piya. Through Kanai’s point of view, the reader follows a typical sequence of events. For example, Kanai meets Piya and invitesRead MoreDiaspora Literature Essay2905 Words   |  12 PagesVoluntary Migration to U.S.A., U.K., Germany, France or other European countries for the sake of professional or academic purposes. According to Amitava Ghose-the Indian Diaspora is one of the most important demographic dislocation of Modern Times(Ghosh,) and each day is growing and assuming the form of representative of a significant force in global culture. If we take the Markand Paranjpe, we will find two distinct phases of Diaspora, these are called the visitor Diaspora and Settler Diaspora muchRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesunderstanding of Indian History, as well as unification of Indian history with language. This further paved the way to portray India with her sheer grandeur, tradition, realities, myths, heritage in the most eloquent way. Perhaps this supported Amitava Ghosh to dabble the post colonial Indian realities while helped Vikram Seth to picturise a rather new India laced with an air of Victorian aristocracy. The cobweb of romance, the strange mind of the women and the very ideal that women needs something more

Smoking on College Campuses - 1260 Words

The days of smoking on college campuses is coming to an end! (Daneman) The Department of Health and Human Services made an announcement, backed by the White house, to act on getting colleges everywhere to enforce a tobacco free campus! (Daneman) Smoking is a choice made amongst an individual and falls within the first amendment in the constitution along with eight more! So how can we legally ban smoking from a whole college campus? In the end, the individual is going to do what he/she pleases if there is no enforcement. Smoking should be banned from college campus, except where there is a designated smoking area away from others on the campus! Smoking is the use of tobacco or nicotine. Tobacco is made up of more than 70 plant species†¦show more content†¦E-Cigarettes are battery operated nicotine inhalers. (Neporent) Instead of a harmful chemical floating into the air, it is said to be just a â€Å"water vapor†. E-cigarettes contain many different fills. Some consist of vanilla flavored nicotine, chocolate flavored nicotine, and even as far as to making them taste like mountain dew without any nicotine. Although research shows that bystanders aren’t exposed to the secondhand smoke, they are still being exposed to the nicotine! (Keilman) The American Lung Association’s found the chemicals formaldehyde and acetone in the e-cigarette vapor that is exhaled. (Keilman) Should the use of e-cigarettes be allowed in a public smoke free zone? If you took a moment to consider the facts about the many harmful chemicals inside of cigarette smoke and what it does, not only to the smoker’s body, but to those around them as well, could you see why smoking is banned from many places such as: restaurants, schools, shopping centers, and most public places? Although, there is one place in particular where officials are attempting to get smoking banned, but haven’t fully done it yet, college campuses! College campuses are a prime place fo r encountering someone who smokes considering the fact that people of all ages attend college. Now, one could argue that to ban smoking from a college campus is against their constitutional rights. The first amendment clearly states that â€Å"Congress shallShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Smoking On College Campuses Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages Phase one prohibited smoking with the exception of designated smoking areas around campus in September of 2011. Phase two in August 2012 simply cut the amount of designated smoking areas in half. The final phase, enacted in August of 2013, prohibited smoking on campus completely, so why are smokers seen consistently breaking the rules? Smoking on college campuses has been a prominent issue for over ten years. About â€Å"32.9 percent of 18 to 22-year-old, full-time college students had smoked inRead MoreSmoking On College Campuses Should Be Banned1675 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking, as one knows it, has become a stress-reliever worldwide. One will find a smoker pulling out a cigarette and lighting it up around every corner. Smoking has especially become a growing problem in college campuses. When a college student enters the college campus, they do not only enter a new campus, a new life is also entered. In this new experience, one will find themselves exploring new things. The power of the eye is remarkable in today’s society. When someone has a friend that is doingRead MoreSmoking Should Not Be Allowed on Campuses753 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking Should Not Be Allowed On Campuses Because of the improvement of technology, it is easier and more affordable to buy cigarettes. Smoking becomes general phenomenon. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), there are an estimated 42.1 million adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes. However, the report also said that more than 2.4 million people died in the USA annually, and over 480,000 people died because of smoking. Medical NewsRead MoreEfforts to Reduce Smoking Among College Students Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking has been reduced over the past two decades, but â€Å"cigarette smoking among college students is of concern because the smoking prevalence among college students did not decrease as it did among the general population,† (Harrar et al. 121). This statement shows the significance of efforts to reduce smoking among college students. I believe college campuses would benefit from a â€Å"no-smoking policy†. This policy would serve to elimin ate the harmful effects of smoking and second-hand smoke onRead MoreShould Public Smoking Be A Smoke Free Campus?825 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion because it addresses topics about how campuses are continuing to eliminate smokers on campus, one way they eliminate it is by enforcing policies, however, if the polies are not followed there is a fined. In addition, it talks about why campuses are going smoke free, so this will be a great source to refer to when I address why I believe George Mason University should be a smoke free campus. Mostly importantly, the question if secondhand smoking is much of a problem is addressed. Many believeRead MoreIs Smoking A Bad Phenomenon?1306 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is a bad phenomenon has widely spread especially on campus between college students. Despite all doctors and scientist are confirmed health dangers, economic dangers and social dangers for smoking there is a huge numbers of college students smokers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a literature review concerning policy implementation in reference to campuses that are smoke-free. In spite of the general success in present decades of curbing the rate of smoking in various countries,Read MoreNo Smoking Bans In Colleges Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesNo Smoking Bans at College Smoking bans have become a new trend in colleges and universities. The effort is to making changes in the attitude and behavior of students to consider this habit as risky for a smoker, as well as the people around them and other environmental factors. Knowing the fact a growing concern is observed as harmful effects of second hand smoking are larger than that of first hand smoking. A smoke free campus policy will be a mere step in changing the trend of smoking and maintainingRead MoreThe Impact of Smoking Bans875 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of Smoking Bans Few issues over the use of public and commercial space ignite more impassioned disagreement than that over indoor smoking bans. With evidence of the dangers of second-hand smoking having achieved a state of being incontrovertible, lawmakers, lobby groups and public health advocacy groups have taken steps to diminish the exposure to second-hand smoke experienced by individuals on the whole. While the benefits of a smoking ban in bars, restaurants, clubs and other suchRead MoreResearch Study On College Age Smokers1083 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Journal of American College Healthy, 2007. This study had aimed discern more information about the perspectives of college-age smokers. Studies are done in subjugation of smokers to understand what may influence this unhealthy behavior, as in all psychology: understanding the root and trigger of a problem may bring the solution. This study has specifically focused on the college-age population of smokers in an aim to understand the cause and cessation of smoking cigarettes. In result, theRead MoreReduce And Eventually Ban Smoking On College Campus1749 Words   |  7 Pages Reduce and Eventually ban smoking on College Campus Aly Joseph HEAL 6600 Health Behavior December 8th, 2015 Scope of the Problem Year after year, Unites States citizens are suffering a great deal due to cigarette smoke. Smoking leads the way in preventable deaths killing up to 440,000 people annually and it costs this country an estimated $157 billion dollars in annual economic medical expenses (CDC, 2014). Up to 500 million people are estimated to be killed from just this habit

Project Management and Innovation in Process Industries

Question: Discuss about theProject Management and Innovation in Process Industries. Answer: Introduction Project management approaches and tools play an important role in accomplishment of the projects. It helps to address the dynamic external factors and internal constraints of the project. Hence, it is important for the project team to understand the different approaches of project management and the elements that either complement or integrate each other for better project management and project delivery (Wysocki, 2009). The paper has been developed to present a literature review to analyse strengths and weaknesses of three different project management approaches. Furthermore, the study will present the elements of project management tools to discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Comparative Analysis Through the survey of the previous literature, three of the best project management approaches have been identified as discussed in the following section. Traditional Approaches According to the traditional approach of project management, the goals and scope of the project remains fixed till the completion of the project. The project starts with initiation of the deliverables that leads to project planning and design. The plans and designs are prepared by considering various assumptions (Rose, 2014). After the completion of planning and design, the project control and monitoring phase starts in which the project team keeps a tight watch on the activities of the project to check whether the project is progressed according to the milestones. The project is executed to check the quality of the deliverables. Finally, the project completion reports are prepared to complete the project. Strengths Quick completion of Project: It leads to quick completion of project due to no re-designing and planning (Gray, 2007). The project is controllable and increases the feeling of security. Do not involve changes in plans: Traditional approach does not involve any changes in plan that delivers the project on the planned result (Gray, 2007). Simple Planning: Traditional Approach involves simple planning and designing of projects. It does not consider many uncertainties that make it easier for the project team to carry on with the project. Weaknesses Do not consider uncertainties: The world is uncertain and not predictable. Hence, the approach does not consider any uncertainties which are a major weakness of the approach (Gray, 2007). Chances of failure of project deliverable: The traditional approach does not consider the uncertainties in the real world that may lead to failure of the project. Critical Chain Approach The Critical Chain Approach is used in projects that have certainties of hindering constraints. It is assumed that at least one process will create problem in completion of the project. Hence, a critical path is developed to mitigate those constraints and a separate plan is prepared to overcome the constraints. According to this approach, at first the constraint is predicted, then analysed and at last the constraints are removed (Redway, 2015). Previous data and information are used to minimise the chances of occurrence of such assumed constraints. Hence, it is a scientific approach of project management that involves behavioural study and mathematical calculations to identify the impact of the uncertainties and ways to mitigate them. Strengths Consider uncertainties: It considers uncertainties that increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the project. Better delivery of project: It is used for projects that have chances of uncertainties. Hence, a proper assumption of uncertainties leads to better delivery of the project (Howes, 2011). Weaknesses Delay in completion of project: There is a chance of delay in the completion of the project (Howes, 2011). A better planning by considering the prior data and information can be helpful to seek better completion of project. Extreme Project Approach Extreme Project Approach is mainly used to handle dynamic problems like changing demand of the customers. It involves continuous process of planning and re-designing. Hence, there is a need of flexible project management strategy that could be helpful in meeting the dynamic uncertainties during the project (Maylor, 2015). It is important to note that there are certain projects that does not have proper clarity regarding the requirements and needs proper market research. An extreme project approach is primarily used to conduct project with high level of uncertainties. Strengths Consider dynamic uncertainties: It considers dynamic uncertainties that reduce the chances of failure of project. Effective completion of project: It is mainly used for complex projects that need re-planning to seek the desired results. Deliverables are appropriate: The deliverables are according to the desire of the stakeholders that increases the quality of the project (Kerzner, 2011). Weaknesses Re-schedule leads to delay: The continuous re-scheduling and re-planning leads to delay in the completion of the project. Failure of budget: There is a chance of failure of budget because of dynamic uncertainties in the project (Kerzner, 2011). Hence, there is a need of flexible budget to conduct the project. Comparing the above mentioned project management approaches, it can be seen that traditional approach is mainly used for static projects that do not involve much uncertainties (Lefley, 2014). On the other hand, critical chain approach is used for conducting projects that involves critical activities. In the case of extreme project approach, it is only used for dynamic projects that involve changing desire of the stakeholders and high level of uncertainties (Lefley, 2014). Hence, it is important for the project team to understand the level of uncertainties involved in the project while choosing the best and suitable approach of project management. Supportive Elements of Project Management Tools and Systems Through the identification of the three significant project management approaches, some of the supportive elements of project management tools and techniques have been discussed in the following section to create substantial argument. Project Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) PERT has been identified as one of the most significant statistical tools that can be precisely utilised in project management (Desmond, 2014). The PERT has been critically designed by the US Navy to analyse project tasks and deliverable. Strengths Compelling managers to set up planning: PERT has offered the project managers to establish the most suitable plan according to the resources and scheduling. Therefore, the project manager has got a firm grip on the project controls to identify each of the most appropriate events attached to the project. Concentrate on crucial project elements: PERT technique has concentrated on the critical elements of the projects that are required to be corrected. The statistical analysis of PERT can evidently identify the elements required to be corrected for efficient project work (Colin Vanhoucke, 2015). Deliver forward-looking control: By developing efficient network system with the subordinates and managers, PERT can deliver forward-looking control to identify the right tactics to be followed. Weaknesses Suitable for long-scheduled project management: Due to the activity-time of the operations in PERT, the technique is perfectly suitable only for the projects that have long schedules. Hence, most of the project managers do not consider the technique during the project reporting. PERT emphasis on time but not cost: Another significant weakness of PERT has been the emphasis on time only. Through the statistical analysis of PERT, project leaders can only identify the time but not the cost of the works (Gelbard, Pliskin, Spiegler, 2012). Therefore, such tool can create massive strategic problems to organisational management. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Work Breakdown Structure is one of the crucial project management tools to plan out major tasks and activities in a structural way. Breaking down the crucial tasks attached to the project management, such instrumental tool can help to manage the tasks in an efficient way. Strengths Divide the tasks into smaller units: WBS has allowed breaking down the major tasks of the project management in smaller units so that responsible delegates can perform the activities providing efficient skills and resources (Collyer Warren, 2009). Deliver proper scheduling and resources planning: The sequence and schedule planning can be efficiently defined through WBS. Meanwhile, by improving the resources planning, accurate forecasts based on WBS may save project cost on staffing. Aid budgeting planning: By identifying the project management risks and schedule of delivery, WBS can aid budgeting planning by monitoring the risks associated with the project works. Weaknesses Vague tasks may be attached to the project management: In the meantime, vague tasks have been one of the disadvantages of WBS tool. As the structure of WBS has to be included each significant tasks according to the project planning, sometimes project managers have found it difficult to include the most significant tasks. Hence, some of the less prioritised tasks have to be added that can cost time and investment. WBS may get outdated in quick order: Most importantly, as project scheduling usually alters according to the change request, WBS can get quickly outdated. Hence, updating the WBS can become a challenging task during schedule change. Gantt Chart Gantt chart can be identified as one of the significant project management system tools that deliver a visual representation of scheduled tasks effective for project leaders and project team members. Gantt charts can deliver a firm control on the time management to complete the tasks according to the given limit. Strengths Clarity on tasks and timelines: Gantt chart can clarify the tasks and timelines associated with a project in a visual way so that the team members can identify the tasks. Meanwhile, Gantt chart can replace frequent meetings so that precious time can be saved (Gergert Ponomareva, 2015). Along with that, meaningful Gantt chart can add external motivation to the team members to focus on their ability to complete the tasks allocated to them. Time Management and Flexibility: By showing the adverse impact of delaying the project work, Gantt chart can foster significant collaboration among the team members. On the other side, in the case of the change request, schedules may have been revised to adjust the changes. Such instrumental facilities have been the strengths of Gantt chart technique. Weaknesses Relying on Work Breakdown Structure: Gantt chart of a project has significantly relied on the WBS that may have been already developed. Sometimes, significant milestones can be seemed to be missing from the WBS. Therefore, the risk of recreating the entire project schedule will be attached if Gantt chart has been constructed (Raz Michael, 2011). Suitable for smaller project management tasks: Gantt charts are perfectly suitable for smaller project works as the milestones of multiple tasks cannot be added in the form of a Gantt chart. Once the length of the tasks, stretch passes the segment of the Gantt chart, the functionality of the tool has been reduced. Discussion Each of the project management tools and techniques has significantly played its part in a project environment. The identified project management approaches have distinct features to evaluate project derivatives. PERT technique has been associated with critical path analysis of a project management (Xie Zhang, 2013). Such efficient project management tool can create significant visual communication among the team members creating interdependent relationships. Apart from that, PERT technique has provided efficient resource planning to mitigate any issues attached to the project tasks. On the other hand, Work Breakdown Structure has accurately figured out project deliverable and tasks to be achieved. By identifying the same, WBS has broken down the tasks into manageable smaller units (Bajgoric, Altinel, Draman, nal, 2012). Along with that, the technique has identified detailed cost estimation according to the time assigned to complete the entire project. Moreover, WBS can contribute to risk identification to reduce the risks to a manageable position. Lastly, Gantt chart has efficiently provided a visual representation of the project tasks following the timelines. Through the identification of potential events in the Work Breakdown Structure, Gantt chart can evolve the contemporary task management system establishing significant completion of tasks (Mller Sderlund, 2015). However, the efficiency of Gantt chart has been limited to smaller projects. The flexibility of scheduling has been considerable for selecting Gantt chart as one of the most instrumental project management techniques in modern project management. However each of the tools and techniques has supported the above- identified approaches to deliver suitable project management outcomes. Conclusion At the end of the discussion, one must develop a significant conclusion on the linkage between the identified project management approaches and the project management tools. Efficient project managers have recognised the size of a project and scheduling arrangement before selecting most sustainable approach for delivering effective outcomes. Therefore, the contemporary project management ideas must be set up based on the most effective project management tools. Herein, both of the identified tools such as PERT, WBS and Gantt chart can deliver significant direction to complete an entire project within the given scheduling and budget. Most of all, Gantt chart can be identified as the most significant tools of the three as the flexibility of scheduling can be included within the project according to suitability. In a given scenario, each of the three project management approaches can be taken into consideration based on the requirement of a project. References Bajgoric, N., Altinel, I., Draman, M., nal, A. (2012). Some aspects of using CASE tools in a Fusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based application development project for production optimization.Industr Mngmnt Data Systems,102(8), 463-471. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635570210445899 Colin, J. Vanhoucke, M. (2015). Developing a framework for statistical process control approaches in project management.International Journal Of Project Management,33(6), 1289-1300. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.03.014 Collyer, S. Warren, C. (2009). Project management approaches for dynamic environments.International Journal Of Project Management,27(4), 355-364. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.04.004 Desmond, C. (2014). Project management tools.IEEE Engineering Management Review,42(4), 11-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emr.2014.2364656 Gelbard, R., Pliskin, N., Spiegler, I. (2012). Integrating system analysis and project management tools.International Journal Of Project Management,20(6), 461-468. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(01)00044-8 Gergert, D. Ponomareva, T. (2015). Project Stakeholder Engagement: Theoretical Approaches Review.Russian Journal Of Project Management,4(1), 30-38. https://dx.doi.org/10.12737/8013 Gray, R. (2007). Alternative approaches to programme management.International Journal Of Project Management,15(1), 5-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(96)00014-2 Howes, N. (2011).Modern project management. New York: AMACOM. Kerzner, H. (2011).Project management. New York: John Wiley. Lefley, F. (2014). An assessment of various approaches for evaluating project strategic benefits.Management Decision,42(7), 850-862. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740410550925 Maylor, H. (2015).Project management. Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall. Mller, R. Sderlund, J. (2015). Innovative approaches in project management research.International Journal Of Project Management,33(2), 251-253. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.10.001 Raz, T. Michael, E. (2011). Use and benefits of tools for project risk management.International Journal Of Project Management,19(1), 9-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(99)00036-8 Redway, A. (2015). Management ToolsProject Planning Procedures.Industr Mngmnt Data Systems,85(9/10), 7-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb057412 Rose, K. (2014). Personal Effectiveness in Project Management: Tools, Tips Strategies to Improve your Decision-making, Motivation, Confidence, Risk-taking, Achievement and Sustainability.Project Management Journal,45(2), e1-e1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21398 Wysocki, R. (2009).Effective project management. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub. Xie, H. Zhang, A. (2013). Approaches and Processes of the Project Management.AMR,790, 724-727. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.790.724

The Scandal of Xenophobia in the World free essay sample

Knowing this only directs you to the very exact definition and understanding that everybody wants to believe and understand. Broadly defined Xenophobia is fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners or of anything that is strange or foreign. Somehow it shows that xenophobia isn’t only about people who are foreigners but anything that is strange to natives’ eyes mostly that of characterising the foreigners even the institutions of foreigners which goes on to whatever that characterizing them which includes even the attire, food, and accent, practices and so forth. Further, Xenophobia is an excessive and irrational fear of anything foreign. This fear is most often of foreign people, places or objects. People who are xenophobic may display fear or even anger toward others who are foreign. While xenophobia is often used interchangeably with terms such as prejudice and racism, these terms have different meanings. Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and perceptions of an ingroup towards an outgroup, including a fear of losing identity, suspicion of its activities, aggression, and desire to eliminate its presence to secure a presumed purity. Xenophobia can also be exhibited in the form of an uncritical exaltation of another culture in which a culture is ascribed an unreal, stereotyped and exotic quality. The justification of me selecting this topic is to clarify further the causes that leads to this dilemma, and how honest are true or false they are. Another matter is that as a South African citizen I have saw more of xenophobic violence so my research is driven by the true facts and events. So as you might as well know South Africa isn’t the only country that had once involved in a xenophobic violence my justifications are to show further what really upsets native citizens of the country that leads them to this brutal treatment of our fellow foreigner even some of them never go to xenophobic violence but you can see exactly that they wish to do so like United States of America. Having explained what xenophobia really is it has somehow a differing meaning with racism. If it was as same as racism then the situation in South Africa would be of a differing end not xenophobic because it was a black on black violence which proved, not only proved but seen that it was xenophobic. The following are the major factors why countries like Spain, Rome and South Africa engage to xenophobic violence. The biggest issue of xenophobic violence is that of jobs. The hate that natives have arises mainly form the issue of jobs. The natives claim that the increased overpopulation to one country being filled mostly by foreigners makes them to lose their jobs. To explain how this is true, those who claim this fact have been talking about the foreigners less payment demand. Say for example in South Africa where we have seen most of the xenophobic violence, when the foreigners come to South Africa, most of them come having no professional skills, some acquire them as soon as they get here and others just don’t bother acquiring any skill. Now those who don’t have professional skills are the ones who become more problematic to the unskilled labour of South Africa. To explain how this is true, these unskilled labour works in domestic houses of those who are somehow rich, say for example in white people’s houses or Indians and they (foreigners) charges the very low payment to their employers just to be able to afford as little as they can to keep breathing. As this case states, employers are not willing to pay anything much to their employees, now for as cheap as foreigners come they encourage employers to hire them the most and less of South Africans and that results to a great loss of jobs to the natives citizens of the country. And to the group that acquire professional skills here in South Africa as you might well know that South Africa has a lot of foreigners in the Universities they then become fully qualified for professional jobs and they get hired in masses. As the case states, for the fact that South Africa has so many professionals especially even more of foreign professionals who are somehow want as well to work here in South Africa truly decreases the number of jobs for everyone. The case of the foreigners who come to South Africa well trained are themselves another big loss of jobs to South Africans or say to any other country not to be specific as we are as well acknowledged South Africa isn’t the only country that had once had xenophobic violence, other countries which are xenophobic are Rome, Germany, Spain, Austria, and Turkey to name a few. These were the views and claims of the angry citizens of South Africa and most common cases of the countries that are or had been xenophobic. They are not my views or claims. However these claims were somehow seen as not so convincing to other writers such as J. B. Bert who once said â€Å"I keep saying this that the immigrants contribute far more than they take from our economy, but there is a widespread belief that they represent a burden always cited are the emergency rooms that are overburdened with illegals, how they collect welfare, unemployment, and get free schooling at taxpayer expense. † Mostly foreigners establish their small businesses to earn a life, so there is no way they could be taking natives jobs and there is no doubt that foreigners are well equipped and hard working. The other factor of xenophobia is that of Economy which usually goes hand in hand with Overpopulation. In the pursuit to increase the economic stability we need a limited active group of population so as to ensure that not everything falls to the masses of people who don’t do so much in the economic development. It is true that, the greater the population the greater the effectiveness, but when the economy has to be responsible for a great number of people can’t be very successful. It will keep on falling for as long as the foreigners keep coming in with no intension of stopping. The other matter is that when foreigners cross the borders of America for example they don’t spend most of their income inside American borders but take it out of the borders of the country to support their families in South Africa for example. So for as far as some of Americans net worth goes out to South Africa, America therefore suffers because South Africans take their wealth. However the Americans had proved that however the net worth that goes out of the country taken by foreigners is as little as $45 billion but $460 Billion stays in, in a year’s time. However, not everyone believed that in America as one of the American citizen B. Tony (politicsnbc. com) has said, Illegal immigrants are the most arrogant and despicable individuals in the world. They portray nothing but contempt for the United States and the laws of United States. They mock American values, gloat at their stupidity for allowing them to enter United States. They take billions of dollars out of United States, much of it unclaimed as income, without paying the proper taxes on that income. Many of them also steal thousands of motor vehicles from American citizens to take back to their home countries when they go home for vacations or Christmas. Having said this however, these are the views of xenophobic citizens of United States. The other most famous factor is that of increased crime due to immigrants. You might as well know that not all foreigners are in any country legally except theirs. They cross the borders illegally which we could further characterise them as the most dangerous people we have ever had. The truth that leads to that claim is that there could be no genuine innocent man who could dodge the military in the borders, this shows that this is the little a foreigner can do and he is capable of doing something more harmful to the society. Besides everything, crossing the border illegally shows a great undermining of the laws of any country that is being vandalized. The leaks of dangerous drugs that are smuggled all over the world are mostly subjected to illegal and some legal immigrants. Drugs, fake or imitated clothing are always most of the times busted at the airports carried brought by immigrants. Surely they don’t only come for work as everybody assumes but it’s the least they could be doing. Not only they do crimes themselves but they also influence the native citizens of the country to do more of their illegal works like producing fake identity documents, they bribe home affairs officials with money to get them the documents. Now the country’s law is broken up to its limits and the world has turned out to be very chaotic due to some of the immigrants. Some people regard the masses of illegal immigrants as an indicator of the weak security system of the country. It seems therefore that there is a lot that upsets the native citizens than just what people think. Having clarified above all the factors that are somehow lead to xenophobic violence, I’m pegging the way to show the exact threats to a country that is xenophobic or discriminating the humanitarian rights by being so brutal to foreigners. Now the most devastating threat is the image of the country that is xenophobic, as you might as well know that South Africa is regarded as one of the dangerous countries on earth due to xenophobia. Most of the deals are denied to South Africa because the image of South Africa has been degraded due to its own xenophobic practices. Further South Africans have been portrayed as the violators of the humanitarian rights as they treated people brutally by beating and even burning them. This is the major hit to South Africa and it will take years for it to clear its name in the world record. Most of the famous superstars rather miss their biggest events than to come and risk their lives in South Africa. However, South Africa now still have lots of immigrants but less xenophobic practices at a point in time, maybe that’s one of its ways in dealing with is past bad xenophobic violence. The other threat of xenophobia is that a country practices xenophobic violence, it may be regarded as it seeks to exist in isolation and never want the help of the other countries. The world order then might not intervene into any of the problems that are faced by a xenophobic country because they are scared and afraid that their representatives may be brutally murdered or treated as that is what a xenophobic country does as usual. The use of xenophobic violence by South Africa has then indicated a severe undermine of the Humanitarian Rights, therefore there shouldn’t be any help offered to or intervention offered to South Africa as it is its best resolution to literally go to violence and conflict to resolve its problems. The world ends-up fearing countries like South Africa and it lets it do whatever it wants to do with its own citizens or it lets is exist in isolation as it pleases. The other threat is that of the economy. Rich countries are not willing to invest in a violent motivated country because as obvious it fears the lives of its representatives who are to be working with a country. Not all that could make rich countries not to invest in this xenophobic country but as you might as well know that businessmen are reluctant to invest where there are many possibilities of producing a loss. The same applies for a xenophobic country, as violent as it is; it shows in carelessness about the growth of the country’s economy and otherwise capitalizing in violent practices. Now when the rich countries of the world are reluctant to invest in a certain countries which are xenophobic, that means the end of that country. Not only that the rich countries won’t invest into them but mostly won’t take the xenophobic countries deals as well because they are not sure what do they think of them and they want to do business with them. The other factor is that of returning a favour. What the other countries of the world would do is to return a favour to xenophobic countries. For as much as xenophobic countries don’t want foreigners to cross their borders, the other countries might as well ban or forbid xenophobic countries from crossing their border as well. This is one of another big hit for xenophobic countries especially when they have to go to other countries for education and research. This would mean whatever xenophobic country knows now is the end of it, nothing else and that is because of the strict barred borders of the other countries towards those countries. A situation like this is a really serious matter for xenophobic country and they should regard it as a major threat that they should first think about before going on with their hatred driven violence towards innocent, desperate, hardworking and delegated foreigners. On how to bring to an end the threats that are resulted by xenophobia will first start with ending the xenophobia first. Now for the fact that you will never be sure that xenophobia has come to an end it leaves a scar of a lifetime to a xenophobic country and other countries of the world never forgets about the prior practices of that country and that’s exactly what constitutes the above mentioned threats. To save a country and the world against these threats the responsible country will have to present itself in front of every crisis it has caused and its abuse of humanitarianism. First things first, it must start by uniting with the countries it has wronged which seem to be the rest of it so the easy way is to unite with organization that are in favour of Humanitarian. The country must surrender to the public and admit its brutal treatment of the foreigners and show how sorry it is and give its way forward towards correcting its bad practices of the past. There are more other unity forms the country can take for as long as it could do it. Like for example, the unity that was experienced in the world cup had somehow changed peoples mind about South Africa after all. It must show its willingness towards ask for forgiveness to those who were wronged and suggest any possible way to make up for it. By so doing it clears its name into the entire international system. Also it gains back its economic interactions with the countries that have terminated its interactions with them. Also it calls upon for the need of intervention by other organisation in the times of crisis, the help it could possibly get from UN or AU as it will be subjected to be the member of these organization once it has realised its bad prior practices, they won’t be forced to join otherwise. South Africa needs a strong moral leadership to counter fear, rumors and intimidation against foreign nationals. To counter the voices that call todays migration a challenge to the United Nations Declaration, this established the territorial sovereignty of the nation-state. Judging by the length of the fence along our border and the unacceptably high levels of intolerance in our communities on the one hand, and the unity in our country demonstrated during the World Cup on the other, nation-states do not appear to be going away. Their people, increasingly, do. The ‘Unite as One campaign which is spearheaded by civil society leaders and aimed at collecting a million signed pledges against xenophobia, intolerance, intimidation and violence could not have come at a more appropriate time. Launched to coincide with Mandela Day, the campaign had run until African Human Rights Day on 17 October. It calls on everyone to intensify their efforts to build a country in which people, in spite of their language or country of origin, respect each other and live together peacefully. Conclusion Xenophobia as bad as it is and its threats it poses towards the country’s image as a whole must come to an end. Possible measures to stop the world must take place as I have mentioned above. The state is a state because of the other states; no state should exist in isolation. The increased interdependency must be appreciated.