The Hungry Tide, By Amitav Ghosh - 1377 Words

Nature cannot be separated from humanity. This may seem obvious as humans are a part of the natural world, but too many times people often overlook this fact of their existence. Most likely this is a result of movements such as the Industrial Revolution which has brought man from the natural environment to an artificial environment. In the beginning, and even now, this has been seen as a luxury and a testimony to the power of mankind. It seems as if man has outsmarted nature. However, we are only now beginning to see the true effects of this seeming victory, as climate change becomes a more threatening and inescapable force. In the novel The Hungry Tide, author, Amitav Ghosh, uses a cross between narration and environmentalism as a†¦show more content†¦In this description, the sun and tide become personified in the active voice. This is not true personification because Ghosh still uses the pronoun â€Å"it† to describe both of the natural elements. However, the use of the active voice creates a sense of personification because it gives a feeling of action to objects we do not normally think to act. By doing this, the author forces the reader to acknowledge that all of nature is alive and active in somewhat similar ways as humans. Even the nature of objects like the sun and a river are alive despite their lack of biology. Their life does not come from cells but from the movement and patterns of their cycles, like the cycle of the sunrise in the morning and the sunset in the evening. The difference between the life of nature and the life of human beings, and other biological creatures exist in time. Compared to the lifespan of the natural world, humanity’s lifespan as a whole is a tiny speck. Nature existed before humanity and can go on existing even after the end of humanity. In an article on climate change, written by Chakrabrty, he uses the words â€Å"finitude of humanity† to describe this possibility of nature living on without humans. This possibility is ever increasing as climate change continues to threaten human’s very existence byShow MoreRelatedThe Hungry Tide By Amitav Ghosh1232 Words   |  5 Pagestransform itself and settle in fiction in order to come into light. Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide giving its way to full length discussions on various globally concerned concepts is definitely a thoughtful attempt of providing a space that can capture that panic universal cry of dispossessed people, which, many a times, fails to secure any place in the mainstream recording of history. DISCUSSION The novel, The Hungry Tide, though on the surface level ostensibly poses the state of Nash-equilibriumRead MoreAmitav Ghosh the Hungry Tide and the Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano5089 Words   |  21 PagesBoth The Hungry Tide and The Interesting Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano are tales of sociological hardships combined with a life bound to the sea. The ocean plays a significant role in the text offering disempowerment to some whilst empowering others. In The Interesting Narrative the slave trade was in full swing and a capitalist attitude heavily dominates the text, whilst in The Hungry Tide capitalism plays a smaller role and the humanitarian backdrop of the story is a more central theme. In thisRead MoreThe Question of Ideology in Amitav Ghoshs the Hungry Tide5019 Words   |  21 PagesThe Question of Ideology in Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide The stalwarts of Indian writing in English like Salman Rushdie, Khushwant Singh, Mukul Kesavan, Vikram Chandra, Amitav Ghosh and the like, are writing in a postcolonial space using novel as a means of cultural representation. Their novels are generally assumed to be engaged in postcolonial consciousness but a close study of the thematic range proves that the novels also attempt to universalized humanistic gesture, for human nature and socialRead MoreThe Transcendent Dimension Of Ecology Essay1878 Words   |  8 PagesThe Transcendent Dimension of Ecology in Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide Dr. R. Badhridevanath, Assist. Prof. English IQAC Coordinator, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autnomous) Elayampalayam Tamilnadu bathridevanath@gmail.com Charles Godwin, Asst. Prof. of English, Akash Degree College, Bangalore. Charlesgodwin.k@gmail.com Ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment. The word ‘Eco’ and ‘Critic’ is derived from theRead MoreVision of Man-Woman Relationship in The Hungry Tide2369 Words   |  10 PagesRusdie, Shobha De, Manju Kapoor, Amitav Ghosh etc. deal with this theme minutely in Indian social milieu. Amitav Ghosh, an anthropologist-cum-novelist possesses a deep knowledge of human psyche regarding man-woman relationships. He is concerned with the inner world of his characters. He tries to look for the deep desires, emotions and feelings felt by his characters and shows them as the influencing factor behind their action. In his novel ‘The Hungry Tide’ (2004), Ghosh chiefly focuses on the extensiveRead MoreThe Hungry Tide Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesPeterson ENG 380 12 Dec. 2016 The Hungry Tide: A Desired Utopia of Political Ecology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Hungry Tide, Amitav Ghosh explores the ecosystem of the Sundarbans, varying narration between third person and first person perspectives, primarily through the main characters Piya, Kanai, and Fokir. The story traces the transformation of these three main characters from disengaged spectators to invested insiders. However, each of them perceives the biome of tide country through quite different lensesRead MoreNature as Creator and Destroyer in the Hungry Tide2379 Words   |  10 PagesN.Sukanya PhD Research Scholar Department of English Periyar University Salem-11 Nature as a Creator and Destroyer in The Hungry Tide Man, though wonders at the beauty of nature and its creations, fails to realize that they are also part of the web of life in the earth. Moreover, they adopt an anthropocentric attitude towards nature which, in fact, results in exploitation of it. This kind of attitude towards nature has urged several critics and writers to warn them of nature’s two-sidedRead MoreThe Pastoral And Wilderness Story Template Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesnavigating domesticated animals (sheep) demonstrates that the template is pastoral. When Muir separates from the shepherds and takes a hike by himself, the template changes to the wilderness template. Question 2. Amitav Ghosh does offer moments of analepsis in his novel, The Hungry Tide. Ghosh follows a story by including his main protagonist Kanai and his secondary protagonist Piya. Through Kanai’s point of view, the reader follows a typical sequence of events. For example, Kanai meets Piya and invitesRead MoreDiaspora Literature Essay2905 Words   |  12 PagesVoluntary Migration to U.S.A., U.K., Germany, France or other European countries for the sake of professional or academic purposes. According to Amitava Ghose-the Indian Diaspora is one of the most important demographic dislocation of Modern Times(Ghosh,) and each day is growing and assuming the form of representative of a significant force in global culture. If we take the Markand Paranjpe, we will find two distinct phases of Diaspora, these are called the visitor Diaspora and Settler Diaspora muchRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesunderstanding of Indian History, as well as unification of Indian history with language. This further paved the way to portray India with her sheer grandeur, tradition, realities, myths, heritage in the most eloquent way. Perhaps this supported Amitava Ghosh to dabble the post colonial Indian realities while helped Vikram Seth to picturise a rather new India laced with an air of Victorian aristocracy. The cobweb of romance, the strange mind of the women and the very ideal that women needs something more

Smoking on College Campuses - 1260 Words

The days of smoking on college campuses is coming to an end! (Daneman) The Department of Health and Human Services made an announcement, backed by the White house, to act on getting colleges everywhere to enforce a tobacco free campus! (Daneman) Smoking is a choice made amongst an individual and falls within the first amendment in the constitution along with eight more! So how can we legally ban smoking from a whole college campus? In the end, the individual is going to do what he/she pleases if there is no enforcement. Smoking should be banned from college campus, except where there is a designated smoking area away from others on the campus! Smoking is the use of tobacco or nicotine. Tobacco is made up of more than 70 plant species†¦show more content†¦E-Cigarettes are battery operated nicotine inhalers. (Neporent) Instead of a harmful chemical floating into the air, it is said to be just a â€Å"water vapor†. E-cigarettes contain many different fills. Some consist of vanilla flavored nicotine, chocolate flavored nicotine, and even as far as to making them taste like mountain dew without any nicotine. Although research shows that bystanders aren’t exposed to the secondhand smoke, they are still being exposed to the nicotine! (Keilman) The American Lung Association’s found the chemicals formaldehyde and acetone in the e-cigarette vapor that is exhaled. (Keilman) Should the use of e-cigarettes be allowed in a public smoke free zone? If you took a moment to consider the facts about the many harmful chemicals inside of cigarette smoke and what it does, not only to the smoker’s body, but to those around them as well, could you see why smoking is banned from many places such as: restaurants, schools, shopping centers, and most public places? Although, there is one place in particular where officials are attempting to get smoking banned, but haven’t fully done it yet, college campuses! College campuses are a prime place fo r encountering someone who smokes considering the fact that people of all ages attend college. Now, one could argue that to ban smoking from a college campus is against their constitutional rights. The first amendment clearly states that â€Å"Congress shallShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Smoking On College Campuses Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages Phase one prohibited smoking with the exception of designated smoking areas around campus in September of 2011. Phase two in August 2012 simply cut the amount of designated smoking areas in half. The final phase, enacted in August of 2013, prohibited smoking on campus completely, so why are smokers seen consistently breaking the rules? Smoking on college campuses has been a prominent issue for over ten years. About â€Å"32.9 percent of 18 to 22-year-old, full-time college students had smoked inRead MoreSmoking On College Campuses Should Be Banned1675 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking, as one knows it, has become a stress-reliever worldwide. One will find a smoker pulling out a cigarette and lighting it up around every corner. Smoking has especially become a growing problem in college campuses. When a college student enters the college campus, they do not only enter a new campus, a new life is also entered. In this new experience, one will find themselves exploring new things. The power of the eye is remarkable in today’s society. When someone has a friend that is doingRead MoreSmoking Should Not Be Allowed on Campuses753 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking Should Not Be Allowed On Campuses Because of the improvement of technology, it is easier and more affordable to buy cigarettes. Smoking becomes general phenomenon. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), there are an estimated 42.1 million adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes. However, the report also said that more than 2.4 million people died in the USA annually, and over 480,000 people died because of smoking. Medical NewsRead MoreEfforts to Reduce Smoking Among College Students Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking has been reduced over the past two decades, but â€Å"cigarette smoking among college students is of concern because the smoking prevalence among college students did not decrease as it did among the general population,† (Harrar et al. 121). This statement shows the significance of efforts to reduce smoking among college students. I believe college campuses would benefit from a â€Å"no-smoking policy†. This policy would serve to elimin ate the harmful effects of smoking and second-hand smoke onRead MoreShould Public Smoking Be A Smoke Free Campus?825 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion because it addresses topics about how campuses are continuing to eliminate smokers on campus, one way they eliminate it is by enforcing policies, however, if the polies are not followed there is a fined. In addition, it talks about why campuses are going smoke free, so this will be a great source to refer to when I address why I believe George Mason University should be a smoke free campus. Mostly importantly, the question if secondhand smoking is much of a problem is addressed. Many believeRead MoreIs Smoking A Bad Phenomenon?1306 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is a bad phenomenon has widely spread especially on campus between college students. Despite all doctors and scientist are confirmed health dangers, economic dangers and social dangers for smoking there is a huge numbers of college students smokers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a literature review concerning policy implementation in reference to campuses that are smoke-free. In spite of the general success in present decades of curbing the rate of smoking in various countries,Read MoreNo Smoking Bans In Colleges Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesNo Smoking Bans at College Smoking bans have become a new trend in colleges and universities. The effort is to making changes in the attitude and behavior of students to consider this habit as risky for a smoker, as well as the people around them and other environmental factors. Knowing the fact a growing concern is observed as harmful effects of second hand smoking are larger than that of first hand smoking. A smoke free campus policy will be a mere step in changing the trend of smoking and maintainingRead MoreThe Impact of Smoking Bans875 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of Smoking Bans Few issues over the use of public and commercial space ignite more impassioned disagreement than that over indoor smoking bans. With evidence of the dangers of second-hand smoking having achieved a state of being incontrovertible, lawmakers, lobby groups and public health advocacy groups have taken steps to diminish the exposure to second-hand smoke experienced by individuals on the whole. While the benefits of a smoking ban in bars, restaurants, clubs and other suchRead MoreResearch Study On College Age Smokers1083 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Journal of American College Healthy, 2007. This study had aimed discern more information about the perspectives of college-age smokers. Studies are done in subjugation of smokers to understand what may influence this unhealthy behavior, as in all psychology: understanding the root and trigger of a problem may bring the solution. This study has specifically focused on the college-age population of smokers in an aim to understand the cause and cessation of smoking cigarettes. In result, theRead MoreReduce And Eventually Ban Smoking On College Campus1749 Words   |  7 Pages Reduce and Eventually ban smoking on College Campus Aly Joseph HEAL 6600 Health Behavior December 8th, 2015 Scope of the Problem Year after year, Unites States citizens are suffering a great deal due to cigarette smoke. Smoking leads the way in preventable deaths killing up to 440,000 people annually and it costs this country an estimated $157 billion dollars in annual economic medical expenses (CDC, 2014). Up to 500 million people are estimated to be killed from just this habit

Project Management and Innovation in Process Industries

Question: Discuss about theProject Management and Innovation in Process Industries. Answer: Introduction Project management approaches and tools play an important role in accomplishment of the projects. It helps to address the dynamic external factors and internal constraints of the project. Hence, it is important for the project team to understand the different approaches of project management and the elements that either complement or integrate each other for better project management and project delivery (Wysocki, 2009). The paper has been developed to present a literature review to analyse strengths and weaknesses of three different project management approaches. Furthermore, the study will present the elements of project management tools to discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Comparative Analysis Through the survey of the previous literature, three of the best project management approaches have been identified as discussed in the following section. Traditional Approaches According to the traditional approach of project management, the goals and scope of the project remains fixed till the completion of the project. The project starts with initiation of the deliverables that leads to project planning and design. The plans and designs are prepared by considering various assumptions (Rose, 2014). After the completion of planning and design, the project control and monitoring phase starts in which the project team keeps a tight watch on the activities of the project to check whether the project is progressed according to the milestones. The project is executed to check the quality of the deliverables. Finally, the project completion reports are prepared to complete the project. Strengths Quick completion of Project: It leads to quick completion of project due to no re-designing and planning (Gray, 2007). The project is controllable and increases the feeling of security. Do not involve changes in plans: Traditional approach does not involve any changes in plan that delivers the project on the planned result (Gray, 2007). Simple Planning: Traditional Approach involves simple planning and designing of projects. It does not consider many uncertainties that make it easier for the project team to carry on with the project. Weaknesses Do not consider uncertainties: The world is uncertain and not predictable. Hence, the approach does not consider any uncertainties which are a major weakness of the approach (Gray, 2007). Chances of failure of project deliverable: The traditional approach does not consider the uncertainties in the real world that may lead to failure of the project. Critical Chain Approach The Critical Chain Approach is used in projects that have certainties of hindering constraints. It is assumed that at least one process will create problem in completion of the project. Hence, a critical path is developed to mitigate those constraints and a separate plan is prepared to overcome the constraints. According to this approach, at first the constraint is predicted, then analysed and at last the constraints are removed (Redway, 2015). Previous data and information are used to minimise the chances of occurrence of such assumed constraints. Hence, it is a scientific approach of project management that involves behavioural study and mathematical calculations to identify the impact of the uncertainties and ways to mitigate them. Strengths Consider uncertainties: It considers uncertainties that increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the project. Better delivery of project: It is used for projects that have chances of uncertainties. Hence, a proper assumption of uncertainties leads to better delivery of the project (Howes, 2011). Weaknesses Delay in completion of project: There is a chance of delay in the completion of the project (Howes, 2011). A better planning by considering the prior data and information can be helpful to seek better completion of project. Extreme Project Approach Extreme Project Approach is mainly used to handle dynamic problems like changing demand of the customers. It involves continuous process of planning and re-designing. Hence, there is a need of flexible project management strategy that could be helpful in meeting the dynamic uncertainties during the project (Maylor, 2015). It is important to note that there are certain projects that does not have proper clarity regarding the requirements and needs proper market research. An extreme project approach is primarily used to conduct project with high level of uncertainties. Strengths Consider dynamic uncertainties: It considers dynamic uncertainties that reduce the chances of failure of project. Effective completion of project: It is mainly used for complex projects that need re-planning to seek the desired results. Deliverables are appropriate: The deliverables are according to the desire of the stakeholders that increases the quality of the project (Kerzner, 2011). Weaknesses Re-schedule leads to delay: The continuous re-scheduling and re-planning leads to delay in the completion of the project. Failure of budget: There is a chance of failure of budget because of dynamic uncertainties in the project (Kerzner, 2011). Hence, there is a need of flexible budget to conduct the project. Comparing the above mentioned project management approaches, it can be seen that traditional approach is mainly used for static projects that do not involve much uncertainties (Lefley, 2014). On the other hand, critical chain approach is used for conducting projects that involves critical activities. In the case of extreme project approach, it is only used for dynamic projects that involve changing desire of the stakeholders and high level of uncertainties (Lefley, 2014). Hence, it is important for the project team to understand the level of uncertainties involved in the project while choosing the best and suitable approach of project management. Supportive Elements of Project Management Tools and Systems Through the identification of the three significant project management approaches, some of the supportive elements of project management tools and techniques have been discussed in the following section to create substantial argument. Project Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) PERT has been identified as one of the most significant statistical tools that can be precisely utilised in project management (Desmond, 2014). The PERT has been critically designed by the US Navy to analyse project tasks and deliverable. Strengths Compelling managers to set up planning: PERT has offered the project managers to establish the most suitable plan according to the resources and scheduling. Therefore, the project manager has got a firm grip on the project controls to identify each of the most appropriate events attached to the project. Concentrate on crucial project elements: PERT technique has concentrated on the critical elements of the projects that are required to be corrected. The statistical analysis of PERT can evidently identify the elements required to be corrected for efficient project work (Colin Vanhoucke, 2015). Deliver forward-looking control: By developing efficient network system with the subordinates and managers, PERT can deliver forward-looking control to identify the right tactics to be followed. Weaknesses Suitable for long-scheduled project management: Due to the activity-time of the operations in PERT, the technique is perfectly suitable only for the projects that have long schedules. Hence, most of the project managers do not consider the technique during the project reporting. PERT emphasis on time but not cost: Another significant weakness of PERT has been the emphasis on time only. Through the statistical analysis of PERT, project leaders can only identify the time but not the cost of the works (Gelbard, Pliskin, Spiegler, 2012). Therefore, such tool can create massive strategic problems to organisational management. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Work Breakdown Structure is one of the crucial project management tools to plan out major tasks and activities in a structural way. Breaking down the crucial tasks attached to the project management, such instrumental tool can help to manage the tasks in an efficient way. Strengths Divide the tasks into smaller units: WBS has allowed breaking down the major tasks of the project management in smaller units so that responsible delegates can perform the activities providing efficient skills and resources (Collyer Warren, 2009). Deliver proper scheduling and resources planning: The sequence and schedule planning can be efficiently defined through WBS. Meanwhile, by improving the resources planning, accurate forecasts based on WBS may save project cost on staffing. Aid budgeting planning: By identifying the project management risks and schedule of delivery, WBS can aid budgeting planning by monitoring the risks associated with the project works. Weaknesses Vague tasks may be attached to the project management: In the meantime, vague tasks have been one of the disadvantages of WBS tool. As the structure of WBS has to be included each significant tasks according to the project planning, sometimes project managers have found it difficult to include the most significant tasks. Hence, some of the less prioritised tasks have to be added that can cost time and investment. WBS may get outdated in quick order: Most importantly, as project scheduling usually alters according to the change request, WBS can get quickly outdated. Hence, updating the WBS can become a challenging task during schedule change. Gantt Chart Gantt chart can be identified as one of the significant project management system tools that deliver a visual representation of scheduled tasks effective for project leaders and project team members. Gantt charts can deliver a firm control on the time management to complete the tasks according to the given limit. Strengths Clarity on tasks and timelines: Gantt chart can clarify the tasks and timelines associated with a project in a visual way so that the team members can identify the tasks. Meanwhile, Gantt chart can replace frequent meetings so that precious time can be saved (Gergert Ponomareva, 2015). Along with that, meaningful Gantt chart can add external motivation to the team members to focus on their ability to complete the tasks allocated to them. Time Management and Flexibility: By showing the adverse impact of delaying the project work, Gantt chart can foster significant collaboration among the team members. On the other side, in the case of the change request, schedules may have been revised to adjust the changes. Such instrumental facilities have been the strengths of Gantt chart technique. Weaknesses Relying on Work Breakdown Structure: Gantt chart of a project has significantly relied on the WBS that may have been already developed. Sometimes, significant milestones can be seemed to be missing from the WBS. Therefore, the risk of recreating the entire project schedule will be attached if Gantt chart has been constructed (Raz Michael, 2011). Suitable for smaller project management tasks: Gantt charts are perfectly suitable for smaller project works as the milestones of multiple tasks cannot be added in the form of a Gantt chart. Once the length of the tasks, stretch passes the segment of the Gantt chart, the functionality of the tool has been reduced. Discussion Each of the project management tools and techniques has significantly played its part in a project environment. The identified project management approaches have distinct features to evaluate project derivatives. PERT technique has been associated with critical path analysis of a project management (Xie Zhang, 2013). Such efficient project management tool can create significant visual communication among the team members creating interdependent relationships. Apart from that, PERT technique has provided efficient resource planning to mitigate any issues attached to the project tasks. On the other hand, Work Breakdown Structure has accurately figured out project deliverable and tasks to be achieved. By identifying the same, WBS has broken down the tasks into manageable smaller units (Bajgoric, Altinel, Draman, nal, 2012). Along with that, the technique has identified detailed cost estimation according to the time assigned to complete the entire project. Moreover, WBS can contribute to risk identification to reduce the risks to a manageable position. Lastly, Gantt chart has efficiently provided a visual representation of the project tasks following the timelines. Through the identification of potential events in the Work Breakdown Structure, Gantt chart can evolve the contemporary task management system establishing significant completion of tasks (Mller Sderlund, 2015). However, the efficiency of Gantt chart has been limited to smaller projects. The flexibility of scheduling has been considerable for selecting Gantt chart as one of the most instrumental project management techniques in modern project management. However each of the tools and techniques has supported the above- identified approaches to deliver suitable project management outcomes. Conclusion At the end of the discussion, one must develop a significant conclusion on the linkage between the identified project management approaches and the project management tools. Efficient project managers have recognised the size of a project and scheduling arrangement before selecting most sustainable approach for delivering effective outcomes. Therefore, the contemporary project management ideas must be set up based on the most effective project management tools. Herein, both of the identified tools such as PERT, WBS and Gantt chart can deliver significant direction to complete an entire project within the given scheduling and budget. Most of all, Gantt chart can be identified as the most significant tools of the three as the flexibility of scheduling can be included within the project according to suitability. In a given scenario, each of the three project management approaches can be taken into consideration based on the requirement of a project. References Bajgoric, N., Altinel, I., Draman, M., nal, A. (2012). Some aspects of using CASE tools in a Fusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based application development project for production optimization.Industr Mngmnt Data Systems,102(8), 463-471. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635570210445899 Colin, J. Vanhoucke, M. (2015). Developing a framework for statistical process control approaches in project management.International Journal Of Project Management,33(6), 1289-1300. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.03.014 Collyer, S. Warren, C. (2009). Project management approaches for dynamic environments.International Journal Of Project Management,27(4), 355-364. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.04.004 Desmond, C. (2014). Project management tools.IEEE Engineering Management Review,42(4), 11-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emr.2014.2364656 Gelbard, R., Pliskin, N., Spiegler, I. (2012). Integrating system analysis and project management tools.International Journal Of Project Management,20(6), 461-468. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(01)00044-8 Gergert, D. Ponomareva, T. (2015). Project Stakeholder Engagement: Theoretical Approaches Review.Russian Journal Of Project Management,4(1), 30-38. https://dx.doi.org/10.12737/8013 Gray, R. (2007). Alternative approaches to programme management.International Journal Of Project Management,15(1), 5-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(96)00014-2 Howes, N. (2011).Modern project management. New York: AMACOM. Kerzner, H. (2011).Project management. New York: John Wiley. Lefley, F. (2014). An assessment of various approaches for evaluating project strategic benefits.Management Decision,42(7), 850-862. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740410550925 Maylor, H. (2015).Project management. Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall. Mller, R. Sderlund, J. (2015). Innovative approaches in project management research.International Journal Of Project Management,33(2), 251-253. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.10.001 Raz, T. Michael, E. (2011). Use and benefits of tools for project risk management.International Journal Of Project Management,19(1), 9-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(99)00036-8 Redway, A. (2015). Management ToolsProject Planning Procedures.Industr Mngmnt Data Systems,85(9/10), 7-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb057412 Rose, K. (2014). Personal Effectiveness in Project Management: Tools, Tips Strategies to Improve your Decision-making, Motivation, Confidence, Risk-taking, Achievement and Sustainability.Project Management Journal,45(2), e1-e1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21398 Wysocki, R. (2009).Effective project management. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub. Xie, H. Zhang, A. (2013). Approaches and Processes of the Project Management.AMR,790, 724-727. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.790.724

The Scandal of Xenophobia in the World free essay sample

Knowing this only directs you to the very exact definition and understanding that everybody wants to believe and understand. Broadly defined Xenophobia is fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners or of anything that is strange or foreign. Somehow it shows that xenophobia isn’t only about people who are foreigners but anything that is strange to natives’ eyes mostly that of characterising the foreigners even the institutions of foreigners which goes on to whatever that characterizing them which includes even the attire, food, and accent, practices and so forth. Further, Xenophobia is an excessive and irrational fear of anything foreign. This fear is most often of foreign people, places or objects. People who are xenophobic may display fear or even anger toward others who are foreign. While xenophobia is often used interchangeably with terms such as prejudice and racism, these terms have different meanings. Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and perceptions of an ingroup towards an outgroup, including a fear of losing identity, suspicion of its activities, aggression, and desire to eliminate its presence to secure a presumed purity. Xenophobia can also be exhibited in the form of an uncritical exaltation of another culture in which a culture is ascribed an unreal, stereotyped and exotic quality. The justification of me selecting this topic is to clarify further the causes that leads to this dilemma, and how honest are true or false they are. Another matter is that as a South African citizen I have saw more of xenophobic violence so my research is driven by the true facts and events. So as you might as well know South Africa isn’t the only country that had once involved in a xenophobic violence my justifications are to show further what really upsets native citizens of the country that leads them to this brutal treatment of our fellow foreigner even some of them never go to xenophobic violence but you can see exactly that they wish to do so like United States of America. Having explained what xenophobia really is it has somehow a differing meaning with racism. If it was as same as racism then the situation in South Africa would be of a differing end not xenophobic because it was a black on black violence which proved, not only proved but seen that it was xenophobic. The following are the major factors why countries like Spain, Rome and South Africa engage to xenophobic violence. The biggest issue of xenophobic violence is that of jobs. The hate that natives have arises mainly form the issue of jobs. The natives claim that the increased overpopulation to one country being filled mostly by foreigners makes them to lose their jobs. To explain how this is true, those who claim this fact have been talking about the foreigners less payment demand. Say for example in South Africa where we have seen most of the xenophobic violence, when the foreigners come to South Africa, most of them come having no professional skills, some acquire them as soon as they get here and others just don’t bother acquiring any skill. Now those who don’t have professional skills are the ones who become more problematic to the unskilled labour of South Africa. To explain how this is true, these unskilled labour works in domestic houses of those who are somehow rich, say for example in white people’s houses or Indians and they (foreigners) charges the very low payment to their employers just to be able to afford as little as they can to keep breathing. As this case states, employers are not willing to pay anything much to their employees, now for as cheap as foreigners come they encourage employers to hire them the most and less of South Africans and that results to a great loss of jobs to the natives citizens of the country. And to the group that acquire professional skills here in South Africa as you might well know that South Africa has a lot of foreigners in the Universities they then become fully qualified for professional jobs and they get hired in masses. As the case states, for the fact that South Africa has so many professionals especially even more of foreign professionals who are somehow want as well to work here in South Africa truly decreases the number of jobs for everyone. The case of the foreigners who come to South Africa well trained are themselves another big loss of jobs to South Africans or say to any other country not to be specific as we are as well acknowledged South Africa isn’t the only country that had once had xenophobic violence, other countries which are xenophobic are Rome, Germany, Spain, Austria, and Turkey to name a few. These were the views and claims of the angry citizens of South Africa and most common cases of the countries that are or had been xenophobic. They are not my views or claims. However these claims were somehow seen as not so convincing to other writers such as J. B. Bert who once said â€Å"I keep saying this that the immigrants contribute far more than they take from our economy, but there is a widespread belief that they represent a burden always cited are the emergency rooms that are overburdened with illegals, how they collect welfare, unemployment, and get free schooling at taxpayer expense. † Mostly foreigners establish their small businesses to earn a life, so there is no way they could be taking natives jobs and there is no doubt that foreigners are well equipped and hard working. The other factor of xenophobia is that of Economy which usually goes hand in hand with Overpopulation. In the pursuit to increase the economic stability we need a limited active group of population so as to ensure that not everything falls to the masses of people who don’t do so much in the economic development. It is true that, the greater the population the greater the effectiveness, but when the economy has to be responsible for a great number of people can’t be very successful. It will keep on falling for as long as the foreigners keep coming in with no intension of stopping. The other matter is that when foreigners cross the borders of America for example they don’t spend most of their income inside American borders but take it out of the borders of the country to support their families in South Africa for example. So for as far as some of Americans net worth goes out to South Africa, America therefore suffers because South Africans take their wealth. However the Americans had proved that however the net worth that goes out of the country taken by foreigners is as little as $45 billion but $460 Billion stays in, in a year’s time. However, not everyone believed that in America as one of the American citizen B. Tony (politicsnbc. com) has said, Illegal immigrants are the most arrogant and despicable individuals in the world. They portray nothing but contempt for the United States and the laws of United States. They mock American values, gloat at their stupidity for allowing them to enter United States. They take billions of dollars out of United States, much of it unclaimed as income, without paying the proper taxes on that income. Many of them also steal thousands of motor vehicles from American citizens to take back to their home countries when they go home for vacations or Christmas. Having said this however, these are the views of xenophobic citizens of United States. The other most famous factor is that of increased crime due to immigrants. You might as well know that not all foreigners are in any country legally except theirs. They cross the borders illegally which we could further characterise them as the most dangerous people we have ever had. The truth that leads to that claim is that there could be no genuine innocent man who could dodge the military in the borders, this shows that this is the little a foreigner can do and he is capable of doing something more harmful to the society. Besides everything, crossing the border illegally shows a great undermining of the laws of any country that is being vandalized. The leaks of dangerous drugs that are smuggled all over the world are mostly subjected to illegal and some legal immigrants. Drugs, fake or imitated clothing are always most of the times busted at the airports carried brought by immigrants. Surely they don’t only come for work as everybody assumes but it’s the least they could be doing. Not only they do crimes themselves but they also influence the native citizens of the country to do more of their illegal works like producing fake identity documents, they bribe home affairs officials with money to get them the documents. Now the country’s law is broken up to its limits and the world has turned out to be very chaotic due to some of the immigrants. Some people regard the masses of illegal immigrants as an indicator of the weak security system of the country. It seems therefore that there is a lot that upsets the native citizens than just what people think. Having clarified above all the factors that are somehow lead to xenophobic violence, I’m pegging the way to show the exact threats to a country that is xenophobic or discriminating the humanitarian rights by being so brutal to foreigners. Now the most devastating threat is the image of the country that is xenophobic, as you might as well know that South Africa is regarded as one of the dangerous countries on earth due to xenophobia. Most of the deals are denied to South Africa because the image of South Africa has been degraded due to its own xenophobic practices. Further South Africans have been portrayed as the violators of the humanitarian rights as they treated people brutally by beating and even burning them. This is the major hit to South Africa and it will take years for it to clear its name in the world record. Most of the famous superstars rather miss their biggest events than to come and risk their lives in South Africa. However, South Africa now still have lots of immigrants but less xenophobic practices at a point in time, maybe that’s one of its ways in dealing with is past bad xenophobic violence. The other threat of xenophobia is that a country practices xenophobic violence, it may be regarded as it seeks to exist in isolation and never want the help of the other countries. The world order then might not intervene into any of the problems that are faced by a xenophobic country because they are scared and afraid that their representatives may be brutally murdered or treated as that is what a xenophobic country does as usual. The use of xenophobic violence by South Africa has then indicated a severe undermine of the Humanitarian Rights, therefore there shouldn’t be any help offered to or intervention offered to South Africa as it is its best resolution to literally go to violence and conflict to resolve its problems. The world ends-up fearing countries like South Africa and it lets it do whatever it wants to do with its own citizens or it lets is exist in isolation as it pleases. The other threat is that of the economy. Rich countries are not willing to invest in a violent motivated country because as obvious it fears the lives of its representatives who are to be working with a country. Not all that could make rich countries not to invest in this xenophobic country but as you might as well know that businessmen are reluctant to invest where there are many possibilities of producing a loss. The same applies for a xenophobic country, as violent as it is; it shows in carelessness about the growth of the country’s economy and otherwise capitalizing in violent practices. Now when the rich countries of the world are reluctant to invest in a certain countries which are xenophobic, that means the end of that country. Not only that the rich countries won’t invest into them but mostly won’t take the xenophobic countries deals as well because they are not sure what do they think of them and they want to do business with them. The other factor is that of returning a favour. What the other countries of the world would do is to return a favour to xenophobic countries. For as much as xenophobic countries don’t want foreigners to cross their borders, the other countries might as well ban or forbid xenophobic countries from crossing their border as well. This is one of another big hit for xenophobic countries especially when they have to go to other countries for education and research. This would mean whatever xenophobic country knows now is the end of it, nothing else and that is because of the strict barred borders of the other countries towards those countries. A situation like this is a really serious matter for xenophobic country and they should regard it as a major threat that they should first think about before going on with their hatred driven violence towards innocent, desperate, hardworking and delegated foreigners. On how to bring to an end the threats that are resulted by xenophobia will first start with ending the xenophobia first. Now for the fact that you will never be sure that xenophobia has come to an end it leaves a scar of a lifetime to a xenophobic country and other countries of the world never forgets about the prior practices of that country and that’s exactly what constitutes the above mentioned threats. To save a country and the world against these threats the responsible country will have to present itself in front of every crisis it has caused and its abuse of humanitarianism. First things first, it must start by uniting with the countries it has wronged which seem to be the rest of it so the easy way is to unite with organization that are in favour of Humanitarian. The country must surrender to the public and admit its brutal treatment of the foreigners and show how sorry it is and give its way forward towards correcting its bad practices of the past. There are more other unity forms the country can take for as long as it could do it. Like for example, the unity that was experienced in the world cup had somehow changed peoples mind about South Africa after all. It must show its willingness towards ask for forgiveness to those who were wronged and suggest any possible way to make up for it. By so doing it clears its name into the entire international system. Also it gains back its economic interactions with the countries that have terminated its interactions with them. Also it calls upon for the need of intervention by other organisation in the times of crisis, the help it could possibly get from UN or AU as it will be subjected to be the member of these organization once it has realised its bad prior practices, they won’t be forced to join otherwise. South Africa needs a strong moral leadership to counter fear, rumors and intimidation against foreign nationals. To counter the voices that call todays migration a challenge to the United Nations Declaration, this established the territorial sovereignty of the nation-state. Judging by the length of the fence along our border and the unacceptably high levels of intolerance in our communities on the one hand, and the unity in our country demonstrated during the World Cup on the other, nation-states do not appear to be going away. Their people, increasingly, do. The ‘Unite as One campaign which is spearheaded by civil society leaders and aimed at collecting a million signed pledges against xenophobia, intolerance, intimidation and violence could not have come at a more appropriate time. Launched to coincide with Mandela Day, the campaign had run until African Human Rights Day on 17 October. It calls on everyone to intensify their efforts to build a country in which people, in spite of their language or country of origin, respect each other and live together peacefully. Conclusion Xenophobia as bad as it is and its threats it poses towards the country’s image as a whole must come to an end. Possible measures to stop the world must take place as I have mentioned above. The state is a state because of the other states; no state should exist in isolation. The increased interdependency must be appreciated.

Examination of a Global Population Issue

Introduction South Africa is one of the strongest and fastest developing countries in Africa. A country that was heavily affected by racial segregation during the apartheid rule that ended in 1994, South Africa has experienced massive growth in its economy over the past two decades. This may be attributed to its rich mineral reserves, especially gold. It has the strongest economy in Africa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Examination of a Global Population Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis of the Country Historical Issues South Africa is one of the countries that gained independence several years after other African states, and other states around the world had gained independence. The country was ruled by the Boers after the departure of British colonizers in 1910. Nelson Mandela, Walter Susuli among other leaders is lauded to have fought for the independence of this country. It is one of the Afric an states with the best government structures. Economic Issues The economy of South Africa is one of the fastest developing economies in the world. This is due to good governance and rich oil reserves. The country has the best infrastructure in Africa, especially after hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup. However, most of the South Africans, especially those living in the rural set-ups and in slums, live in object poverty. Social Issues For a long time, South Africa had experienced racial segregation where the whites and blacks had different status in the country. The blacks were considered subordinate to the whites. This came to an end when Mandela finally came to power. Other than the xenophobic movement that was slightly experienced in 2009, South Africans have come to appreciate cultural diversity. Technological Issues South Africa is not one of the giants in the field of technology. However, this country has come to embrace the importance of technology in running various sectors. T he government has supported various initiatives meant to enhance technological developments. Institutions such as schools, hospitals, and business units among others have embraced the emerging technology. Geographical and Climate Issues of South Africa This African country generally has two seasons in a year. The country has winter and summer. During summer, the country experiences hot and wet climate, while in winter, the temperatures are rather cold. The country borders the Indian Ocean, making its beaches one of the most attractive beaches in the world. Health Status and Healthcare System in South Africa South African government has made concerted effort to ensure that its healthcare system reflects the needs of its populace. The population of South Africans has been on the rise over the past one decade, but the government has not been in a position to upgrade its health system to reflect this. According to Padayachee (118), although the government has made an effort to improve h ealth facilities in major cities, people living in rural set-ups and slums lack proper medical facilities.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relationship between South Africa and the World Abstract South Africa has had a very cordial relationship with its neighbors and the world. Following the end of apartheid rule in 1994, this country has been able to develop a cordial relationship with other states in Africa and the world at large. South Africa and its Neighbors South Africa has been a friendly nation to its neighbors. It has been a very resourceful neighbor to Swaziland and Lesotho which are landlocked countries within its borders. Its neighboring countries such as Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique have registered satisfaction with the relationship they have had with this country. South Africa and the World South Africa has also had a positive re lationship with other African states and the world in general. Being the only African country which is a member of the G-20, this country has been seen to champion the interests of African nations in the world forum. Its first president, Nelson Mandela, is known to have been a champion of peace around the world. Demographic Data Ethnic Composition About 92 percent of those who live in South Africa are the black Africans who are the natives. The highest percentage out of this population lives in object poverty. About 2 percent of this population is the Dutch who never left the country after the curtain fell on their leadership. There are other ethnic groups like the Arabs, Chinese, and other ethnic groups from all over the world. Religious Groupings The main religion in South Africa is Christianity. This religion was spread during the colonization of this country. However, there are various other religions in this country. After Christianity, African religious groups are dominant, es pecially in the interiors of the country. Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism are also practiced, especially among the non-natives. Cultural Characteristics South Africa is one of the countries with rich cultural heritage. Most of the native Africans have maintained their cultural practiced such as male circumcision. The culture that allows men to marry more than one wife is also cherished in various societies. In various national ceremonies, traditional dancers and artists would be called upon to perform before dignitaries. Education Levels Most of the young South Africans, especially those who were born after independence, have had the opportunity to go to school. However, a good number of the middle aged and the aging population also have basic education. This is because they were either too busy fighting for the liberation of this country from the Boers, or they could not withstand racial segregation witnessed in schools during their era.Advertising We will write a custom essay s ample on Examination of a Global Population Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health Statistics Health statistics of this country shows that South Africa is one of the countries at risk of experiencing massive health problem. According to Padayachee (56), South Africa is one of the countries with the highest percentage of its population living with HIV/AIDs in the world. A number of South Africans have also perished from cardiovascular diseases. The table below shows the percentage of those suffering from cardiovascular disease over the last three years. Year Percentage of those Suffering From Cardiovascular Disease 2010 0.56% 2011 0.98% 2012 1.02% Source: (Rao 78) Population Affected Majority of those affected with cardiovascular disease in this country are the middle class who have put their focus on gaining financial security. This category of people does less strenuous work because they work in large offices in ma jor cities in this country. They have limited time to spare for physical activities hence putting them at risk. Problem Identification Major Health Concern As stated above, cardiovascular disease is a major killer disease in this country. Many South Africans have died due to this health complication. The main reason why these people perish is because of lack of proper healthcare facilities in the country to deal with this complication. Economic and Social Impact of Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease has had serious impact on the economic and social status of those affected. Most of those who suffer from this disease are the middle class trying to find financial security. Once affected by this disease, they would spend most of their savings, and would at times run into debts trying to meet the costs of treating the disease. This affects their social standings a great deal as they find themselves in lower social class that they thought they had passed. Scope of the Problem According to Jamison (92), although the problem has not reached an alarming level, the rate at which individuals are being diagnosed with this problem is alarming. The problem, once thought to be a preserve for the rich, is now affecting the middle class which is actually the driving force of this country. Although the government has tried to deal with it, it still remains a big issue in the society. Historical Development of Cardiovascular Disease Historical development of cardiovascular disease can be analyzed on an individual level basis. History of this disease on one patient may not be the same as that of another patient. According to Rao (67), this health issue is associated with lack of proper physical exercise and intake of a lot of calories. When the body fails to burn these calories, their accumulation may lead to this health concern.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More World Wide Disparity of the Problem Cardiovascular disease was previously considered a disease of the west. This was so because of the technological advancements in the west that meant that people would only perform light tasks that does not need heavy physical activity. However, as this technology spread, the disease became common even among Africans. Currently, cardiovascular disease is considered as a major global issue in the society. Effects of Globalization and Technology on Cardiovascular Disease Globalization and technology has had positive effect on the efforts to counter this disease. Given the fact that this is not a communicable disease that can be spread by being in contact with a victim, the ability to move enhances the possibility of finding its solution. A patient from South Africa can be flown to the United States where there are adequate medical facilities to deal with the problem. Advancements in technology has helped in coming up with sophisticated machines that help in detection and treatment of this complication. Effects of Cardiovascular Disease if Left Unchecked If left unchecked, cardiovascular disease can have serious negative impact in the society. The government needs to equip public hospitals with the machines that can help deal with the problem. If this is not done, the country will continue losing its citizens, and this would lead to decreased labor force in the economy. Children will be left orphaned, and this will increase the levels of poverty in this country. International Healthcare Organization Involved in the Delivery of Healthcare in South Africa The main international healthcare organization that has come out to help country this problem in the country is World Health Organization. Working with the local hospitals and community health workers, W.H.O. has made an effort to increase awareness of this disease. It has been working closely with donors and government to find permanent solution. Summary and Conclusion Cardiovas cular disease is a health concern that has been on the rise in this country. The government of South Africa has not been able to come up with a lasting solution for this problem because of the costs associated with its treatment. However, partnering with international agencies such as W.H.O., the government has increased its effort in managing this disease. Works Cited Jamison, Dean. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: World bank, 2006. Print. Padayachee, Vishnu. The Development Decade? Economic and Social Change in South Africa, 1994 – 2004. Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2006. Print. Rao, Gudu. Coronary Artery Disease: Risk Promoters, Pathophysiology, and Prevention. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012. Print. This essay on Examination of a Global Population Issue was written and submitted by user Alonzo Castaneda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to write excellent reports [Webinar recording] - Emphasis

How to write excellent reports [Webinar recording] How to write excellent reports [Webinar recording] Over 120 people took part in our webinar on 23 November to learn some expert advice on  writing exceptional reports from our specialist  trainer, Gary Woodward. Many attendees sent in their questions  and key challenges  when it comes to writing reports and there were some common themes, which Gary addressed during this thirty-minute session. Gary focused on three areas: Engaging your readers and encouraging them to act Presenting your information with maximum visual impact Writing efficiently with effective editing Engaging readers Gary kicked off by  talking us through some proven  techniques for engaging your readers. Key to this is asking yourself reader-centred questions before you even start writing. What information is your reader looking for? Another crucial part of your reports success is its summary. It need to be concise and set out the content of your report in a way thats relevant to the interests of your reader (or readers). By the end of the summary, your  reader(s) need to know why they should be reading the document, what they need to know and what is expected of them. Presenting information Through your research, hard work and technical knowledge, you can produce excellent stats and insightful data. However, if you dont present this well, you risk confusing your reader and wasting your hard work. Gary showed us some editing techniques for  presenting information in a clear, easy-to-scan way. In particular, he  talked about one of his favourite techniques, Words in Tables (WiT). (For more information on WiT, visit www.jmoon.co.uk.) Effective editing Writing well  is not just about getting every word and sentence  right first time. Its about editing your writing so youre as clear and concise as possible. How many times do we edit the content we have written? Do we really look at ways of making it easier to read? And how  many times has a reader complained that a document was too easy to read? Gary had three top tips for making your writing concise, clear and easy to read: Put the ‘what’ before the ‘why’, so that your main messages come first. Keep verbs rather than change them into nouns. Favour the active voice over the passive. Want to access a copy of the webinar? To view a recording of the webinar and to access the full slide deck, click here. Interested in more free learning? If you want more advice on improving your business writing, why not download our free guide, The Write Stuff? Click here to get your free copy today.

Leadership of Turkish Founder Mustafa Kemal Atatrk Assignment

Leadership of Turkish Founder Mustafa Kemal Atatrk - Assignment Example Turkey could have been a colony of the British or the French had it not been with the bold and daring leadership of Ataturk. When Germany lost to the allied forces of which the old Turkey allied itself with, allied forces occupied the whole of the country of which it nearly made a colony and its caliphs already considering on whose side it would make itself a colony. But Ataturk wanted independence in Turkey and left Istanbul on small boat Bandirma to Samsun on May 19, 1919, and begun the Turkish War of Independence. From then on, Ataturk became a charismatic leader of Turkey wading off invading allied forces against all odds. Finally, Ataturk became victorious ending the War of Independence with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne on July 24, 1923, where Turkey was recognized as an independent state. Ataturk became its President on October 30, 1923, until his death on November 10, 1938, and immediately instituted sweeping reforms on all aspect of Turkish life from the political, social, legal, economic, and cultural spheres and laid down the foundation of a modern Turkey which is based on democracy and sovereignty. In assessing the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, it is important that we have to contextualize his leadership to allow us to make an accurate analysis of his leadership. To put it in perspective, we have to consider that at the time when Ataturk led, Turkey was in a national crisis and was about to be colonized by allied forces.

Some thoughts of the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Some thoughts of the article - Essay Example Therefore, to address these problems, government should to utilize tools for monetary and fiscal policy. Monetary policies tool entails utilization of discount rates and reserve requirements to control inflation and stabilize the economy. On the contrary, fiscal policies tool entails application of taxes as well as control of government expenditure to achieve certain economic goals (Taylor & Weerapana, 2008). On the contrary, Micro economics refers to a branch of economics that involves the study of decisions made by individuals and firms regarding the scarce resource. Whereby, in micro economics, consumers aims to maximize their utility despite having scarce resource aims to maximize their profits while at the same time minimizing their cost. However, due to limited resources, both firms and individuals experience opportunity cost. Whereby, they have to decide the best alternatives to forgo given the fact that resources are limited (Mankiw, 2011). Normally, in micro economics, the prices of goods and services are determined by market forces of supply and demand as well as government regulations. Therefore, both individuals and firms should take into consideration the issues of tax and government regulations when making their decisions (Chandra,

Venerable Pierre Toussaint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Venerable Pierre Toussaint - Essay Example Pierre on the other hand, obtained basic education where he was able to read and write. Secondly, he was not expected to work in the fields where there was hard labor, and also he was not subjected to punishments. During his stay on the Haiti, the sound of drums in the field offended him. The thought of the bloodbath that happened in the fields was too harsh for him to comprehend. Pierre relocated to New York with his master. Soon after the death of Jean Berard, Pierre took the initiative to look after his ailing wife, who had just learnt about his husbands demise (Malley 89). Pierres elevation to sainthood came as a result of his charity, which was easily deduced from his act of adopting Euphemia. During his burial, Pierre was eulogized as one who had "remarkable qualities of mind and heart and on his incredible charity". Secondly, he was also branded as "Gods reflection in ebony". He was greatly loved, which is exhibited by the enormous number of people from both races who attended his

Impact Of Leadership Styles

Impact Of Leadership Styles Leadership styles Transactional leadership and transformational leadership have gained attention over a period of last few decades (Bass, 1988; 1990; Bass and Avolio, 1993; Hartog, et al., 1997). According to Kirkpatrick Locke (1996), Transformational Leadership and Transactional Leadership both are directly related with numerous workplace outcomes such as job satisfaction, group performance, employees performance, and organizational commitment. These results have also been tested in different research settings (Al-Dmour Awamleh, 2002).In spite of this, the effects of managerial leadership styles from transformational and transactional perspectives have not been validated in IT firms. A key objective of this study is to fill this knowledge gap. This study will assess the effects of transformational and transactional leadership styles on employees performance in IT firms in India. According to Lewis et al (1998), In the 21st century, managers and leaders are expected to cope with a rapidly changing world of work. Hooper Potter (2000) suggests that managers will have to be competent leaders in order to transform their people to achieve the required company outcomes. Ryback (1998) describes a 21st century leader as having the ability to demonstrate a greater empathy and concern for people issues than his/her earlier counterparts. Managing projects in the information technology domain remains challenging, since various global trends contribute to rising complexities. Software development projects account for a very large portion of the overall IT outsourcing market. According to Dibbern et al. (2008), prior information technology research has provided a list of possible reasons why IT offshore outsourcing projects fail to meet the initial goals and expectations of both client and vendor. However, research is still limited dealing with leadership and management of Information technology projects (Lee 2008; Mao et al. 2008). Carson et al. (2007) states that one of the most important issues within project management is leadership. However, research about the crucial leadership styles focusing on IT projects is still limited. IT projects experience high failure rates since many years. The Standish Group reported significant time and cost overruns, add to by not fully meeting quality expectations of the project sponsors (Xia and Lee 2004). The primary reason, however, are not technological, but rather managerial issues (Scott and Vessey, 2002). Sumner et al. (2005) states that to successfully implement technical projects, strong project leaders with superior leadership skills are essential which will offers the potential to contribute to IT project success. Durham et al. (1997) states that research has proved the importance of leadership behaviour for team effectiveness, and for employees performance. According to Sumner (2000), lack of leadership or ineffective leadership is among the top hindering factors for IT project success. IT leaders of ten lack interpersonal leadership skills, because technical employees get promoted to become project leaders due to their technical knowledge, not for their people management capabilities (Rosenbaum 1991). The effect of transactional and transformational leadership style on employees performance have been validated on Health, Retail, Education and manufacturing sectors. There is a limited knowledge or research conducted on the leadership style of the project leader/team leader in the IT sector and how it affects the employees performance. This research aims to investigate the relationship between the effective team leader/Project manager leadership style and subordinates performance. The literature review discusses the link between Transformational leadership and employee performance and also the link between transactional leadership styles and employees performance. Objective of the Research This study investigates the impact of transformational leadership and transactional leadership style on employees performance. The objectives of this research are: Evaluation of the employees performance in relation to the transformational and transactional leadership styles. Assessing the employees preference over transformational and transactional leadership style. Finding the recommendations to improve employees performance with the help of transformational and transactional leadership style. Literature review Leadership and performance Yukl (1994) defined leadership as a social influence process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person over other people to structure the activities and relationships in a group or organization. Max Weber is one of the major contributor of leadership and theorists to observe the parallel between the industry mechanization and bureaucratic forms of organization (Morgan, 1998).According to (Bass, 1990 Morgan, 1998) , the classical theorists such as Henri Fayol and F. W. Mooney, loyal advocates of bureaucratization in contrast to Weber, identified methods through which this kind of organizational structure could be achieved. These classical theorists set the basis for many modern management techniques. Webers concern about bureaucracy, however, did not affect theorists who set the stage for what is now known as classical management theory and scientific management (Stone et al., 2005).Scientific managers focused on the systematic management of individual jobs while the Classical theorists focused on the design of the total organization (Stone et al., 2005).Scientific management, an approach introduced by Frederick Taylor, was technological in nature (Hersey, Blanchard, Johnso n, 1996). Taylor initiated time-and-motion studies to analyse work tasks to improve worker productivity in an attempt to achieve the highest level of efficiency possible. He has also been accused of viewing people as instruments or machines to be manipulated by their leaders. Under scientific management theory the function of a leader was to establish and enforce performance criteria to meet organizational goals; therefore, the focus of a leader was not on the individual worker but was on the needs of the organization. Emerging theorists encouraged leaders to recognize that humans were not machines and could not be treated as such. During mid-1940s, a post bureaucratic shift moved everyone taking responsibility for the organizations success or failure (HeckscherDonnellon, 1994). Researchers started to examine the relationship between the leader behaviour and the other outcomes such as follower satisfaction level, organizational productivity and profitability. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2011),two of the first behavioural approaches to leadership were the Michigan and Ohio state studies which were conducted during 1940s and 1950s.The results of the Michigan studies suggested that there are two fundamental types of leader behaviour, job -centered and employee-centered which were presumed to be at opposite ends of a single continuum. The Ohio State studies also found two similar kinds of leadership behaviour consideration and initiating structure but this research suggested that these two types of behaviour were actually independent dimensions. These characteristics could be either high or low and were independent of one another. A new theory of organizations and leadership began to emerge based on the idea that individuals operate most effectively when their needs are satisfied (Stone et al. 2005). Maslows (1959) Hierarchy of Needs says that once a workers physiological, security, and social (intrinsic) needs were met, productivity would only be possible if the employees ego and self-actualizing (extrinsic) needs were also met. During 1950s and 1960s, the behavioural theories came into existence. According to Bass (1990), Theorists began to consider behavioural concepts in their analysis of organizational leadership and focused to understand the relationship between a leaders actions and the followers satisfaction and productivity. Barnard was involved in including behavioural components and his work focused on the behavioural components analysis of organizational leadership.Barnard claimed that leadership involves accomplishing goals with and through people (Bass, 1990). Subsequently, the goal of effective leadership was evolving and was moving away from classical and scientific management theories that treated workers as machines. According to (Johnson et al, 1996, p. 100), the real power centers within an organization were the interpersonal relationships that developed among working groups. Based on the idea that individuals operate most effectively when their needs are satisfied, a new theory of leadership began to emerge. McGregor (1960) work was closely linked to behavioural theorists, providing a foundation for the future emergence of transformational leadership. McGregor Theory Y says that individuals do not essentially dislike work and, under certain conditions, work could actually be a source of great satisfaction (Pugh Hickson, 1993). Theory Y assumed that individuals would employ self-direction and self-control, accepting and seeking responsibility (Pugh Hickson, 1993).During 1960s, researchers acknowledged that leaders did more than simply act they often had to react to specific situations, and thus, the situational/contingency theory of leadership evolved (Stone et al., 2005). However, in an appa rent return to the one best way of leadership, recent studies on leadership have contrasted transactional leadership with transformational leadership. According to Cummings and Schwab (1973), Leadership is perhaps the most investigated organisational variable that has a potential impact on employee performance. For the strength of an organization job satisfaction plays a vital role which has significant effect on employee performance.Walumba Hartnell (2011) suggests that the word performance is used to pass on the individual aptitude to be inspired, stirring, pioneering and to determinant to achieving the goals on an organization. Bass (1990) and Burns (1978) suggest that strong leaders outperform weak leaders, and that transformational leadership generates higher performance than transactional leadership. The researcher aim is to discuss whether the transformational leadership does really stimulate the employees for higher performance. From this we can conclude that transformational leadership stimulate higher performance. Cummings and Schwab (1973) suggest that in order for an organisation to perform an individual must set aside his personal goals, at least in part, to strive for the collective goals of the organisation. Employees are of paramount importance to the achievement of any organisation and hence effective leadership enables greater participation of the entire workforce, and can also influence both individual and organisational performance (Bass, 1997; Mullins, 1999). For an effective organisation, there must be effective and stimulating relations between the people involved in the organisation (Paulus et al. 1996). It is generally accepted that the effectiveness of people is largely dependent on the quality of its leadership and hence effective leader behaviour facilitates the attainment of the followers desires, which results in effective performance (Fiedler and House, 1988).Previous study results shows that there is a positive relation between satisfied employees and organization, as the performance of the satisfied employees are more productive for the organization then less satisfied employees (Ostroff,1992).Leadership is connected with employee performance (Ogbonna Harris 2000). The main idea of every organization is to enhance employee performance. Howell, Merenda (1999) Goodwin (2001) suggested that transformational leadership plays an imperative role in increasing job satisfaction as well as role play to achieve organizations goal and employees acts. Transformational leadership correlated with subordinate skills with work worth to assess employees performance as stated by Walumbwa, Avolio Zhu (2008). According to Ozaralli (2002), Organisations increase employees performance by giving empowerment to their team members. Researchers have studied that the employee performance is increased under the extraverted leadership when employees are passive and the result will be opposite if employees are proactive (Grant, Gino Hofmann, 2011). Researchers have also studied the employees performance with variety of variables. Opren (1986) observed that, satisfied employees not only be the cause of increasing employee performance but also they dont think to leave organization. Su, Baird and Blair (2009) feels, the level of productivity will be high when the employees are satisfied. According to Biswas (2009), the supporting style of manager also plays incredible role for increasing employees performance. Transformational leadership originated from charismatic leadership. House (1977) suggests that the personal characteristics of the charismatic leader include a high degree of self-confidence, strong moral convictions, and a tendency to influence others as well as engaging in impression management behaviours to boost trust and confidence in the leader. Furthermore, the articulation of a mission, setting challenging goals, and arousing motives are also important. Burns (1978) was the first person who identified the concept of transformational leadership. He suggested that transformational leadership is observed when leaders encourage followers to boost up the level of their motivation, morals, beliefs, perceptions, and coalition with the objectives of the organization. Bass (1985) proposed a new theory of transformational leadership and outlined its components. Transformational leadership engages followers by appealing to their upper level needs and ideas that yield higher levels of fo llower satisfaction and performance (Bass, 1985; Bryman, 1992).According to Schepers et al. (2005), transformational leaders allow employees to think creatively and analyse the problem from numerous angles and explore new and better solutions of the problem. Gill et al. (2006) suggested that organizations can reduce job stress and burn out by applying transformational leadership. Transformational leadership focuses on more sensitive side of organizational interactions like vision, culture, values, development, teamwork, and service (Fairholm, 2001).Bass (1998) claims that by emphasizing the symbolic and expressive aspects of task goal efforts and the important values involved, the transformational leader makes the difference. There are three mechanisms in Transformational Leadership: Leaders give values to their subordinates, motivate their subordinates and persuade in mounting or varying followers needs (William, Richards, Steers James, 1995).Transformational leadership is comprised of four central components. Bass (1985) suggests that Charisma is the key component of transformational leadership and it generates profound emotional connection between the leader and follower. According to Bass Avolio (1990) Charisma is operational through vision where the charismatic leader earns the respect and trust of followers, which leads to the acceptance of challengin g goals. The second transformational component is inspiration where leaders provides followers with challenges and meaning for engaging in shared goals and undertakings (Bass Avolio, 1990).Another major component of transformational leadership is individualized consideration, the leader first identifies the individual needs and abilities of followers and then mentors and coaches them, and also uses delegation (Bass Avolio, 1990). The final transformational component is intellectual stimulation, the leader helps followers to think on their own and analyse problems from their personal perspectives, encourages creativity, innovation, and challenge conventional wisdom (Bass Avolio, 1990). Most of the researchers had associated transformational leadership with employees performance and job satisfaction and argued that transformational leadership can be the best predictor of employee performance (Raja Palanichamy,2011).Transformational culture boosts both the organization and the employees performance without enforcing extra burden (Schlotz, 2009). Prior researcher has demonstrated that followers who work under transformational leaders are motivated and committed which facilitates their satisfaction with jobs (Givens, 2008). Masi cook (2000) believed that transformational leadership style is only the factor of increasing employee productivity.However,Parry Thomson ( 2002) claimed that it is important to adopt the appropriate leadership style for the success of an organization and examining, praising and assessing a leader do not truly assures the followers honesty in this case transformational leadership becomes inapplicable. According to Kuhnert Lewis (1987), transactional leadership is an exchange between followers and leaders desired outcomes by fulfilling the leaders interest and followers expectations, which involves promises or commitments embedded by respect and trust. Bass (2000) suggested that effective leaders accommodate the interests of their subordinates by giving contingent incentives, honour and promises for those who auspiciously succeeded in fulfilling the commitments of the leaders or the organization. On the other hand, Bryman (1992) argues that transactional leadership behaviours do not even qualify for a true leadership label because of the fact that the leader and follower agree, explicitly or implicitly, that desired follower behaviours will be rewarded, while undesirable behaviours will draw out punishment. He states that since it is based on exchange, transactional leadership does not seek to motivate followers. Bass (1985) and Burns (1978) suggest that total reliance on this lea dership style may cause performance and satisfaction to suffer. As modelled by Bass, transactional leadership is comprised of two fundamental dimensions: contingent reward and management-by-exception. Contingent reward takes place when the leader provides rewards if followers perform in accordance with the contractor expend the necessary effort. In Management-by-Exception, the leader takes action only when major deviations from plans are evident. Unlike Burns (1978), Bass (1985) insists that, to be effective, leaders need to demonstrate features of both transactional and transformational leadership. HowellMerenda (1999) conducted their research on transactional and leadership in forecasting employees performance and concluded that transactional leadership style is a positive predictor of followers performance. Gadot (2007) claimed that the transactional leadership style is weakly associated with performance. Ponce et al. (2006) Indicated that there is a dominance of the transactional leadership style over transformational style. Halpin et al (2006) suggested that leadership behaviours and team performance outcomes revealed that transactional leadership behaviour is significantly related to team performance. According to Jung et al. (1999), to make transactional leadership more effective, appropriate usage of contingent reward is an important feedback to assemble expectations with followers in term of their performance. Janssen Yperen (2004) acknowledged that transactional leadership assists the efficiency by enhancing innovative job performance and job satisfaction. From this we can conclude that some authors believe that transactional leadership stimulates higher performance and some believe that it is weakly associated with performance. Empirical evidence tends to support the view that leaders will maximize their effectiveness when they exhibit both transformational and transactional behaviours (Avolio et al, 1988; Bass Yammarino, 1989).Bass and Avolio (1994) and Ristow (1998) conducted research in different environments and found that transformational leadership has a positive influence on employee performance, and therefore organisational performance. Research conducted by Pruijn and Boucher (1994) showed that transformational leadership is an extension of transactional leadership (Bass, 1997).Bass and Avolio (1994) stated that the difference between these two models is that followers of transformational leadership exhibit performance which is beyond expectations, while transactional leadership, at best, leads to expected performance .Ristow (1998) suggested that transactional leaders were effective in markets which were continually growing and where there was little or no competition, but this is not the case in the markets of today, where competition is fierce and resources are scarce. Brand et al. (2000) has clearly shown that transformational leaders are more effective than transactional leaders. Brand et al. (2000) showed the evidence gathered in South African retail and manufacturing sectors, and also in the armed forces of the United States, Canada and Germany, points towards the marginal impact transactional leaders have on the performance of their followers in contrast to the strong, positive effects of transformational leaders .This research has been further supported by research conducted by Ristow, et al. (1999), according to which there was a positive relationship between certain styles of leadership and organisational effectiveness within the administration of South Africa cricket. Bass and Avolio (1997) conducted research on the topic of transformational and transactional leadership, an appropriate instrument was identified, called the MLQ(Multi factor leadership questionnaire ).The questionnaire contains statements that identify and measure the key aspects of leadership behaviour, and each statement in the questionnaire relates to either transactional, transformational or non-transactional leadership factors. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Type of Research Design The type of research design that will be used in this study is quantitative research design, survey method. The present study is quantitative in nature because I will use quantitative data which is collected through questionnaire. Then the first step of my study will be to make worth by the validity by as its focus using positivism approach. Positivism paradigm will be used in this study is on understanding the ideology of multiple participants in their locations and work place. The survey design is chosen because it provides a quantitative description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population. So that, it can best show the level of relation between leadership styles and employees performance. Sampling technique and measures The level of leadership qualities possessed by project managers/team leaders and the subordinates in XXXXX Company will be determined by the questionnaires distributed to a random sample of employees. Hence project managers/team leaders as well as their subordinates will be the participants of the study. Questionnaires will be distributed to a sample population of 50.All the questions are close-ended and are measured using Likerts Five Point scaling ranging from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always). The advantage of using close ended questions is that the results can be presented in the form of statistics and answers can be pre-coded so that the responses can be fed into a computer. Pilot survey has been conducted to check if there any problem in the questionnaire before the real investigation and the final version of the questionnaire has been set up. The transformational leadership is measured by the following components Idealized attributes, idealized behaviour, intellectual simulation, confi dence, individual consideration and inspirational motivation. The transactional leadership is measured by the following components contingent reward and management by exception (active). The performances measured that are included in this study are extra effort, effectiveness and satisfaction. Data Collection Instruments, Variables and Materials As a primary data collection instrument questionnaires will be distributed to a random sample of employees. The questionnaire is adapted from Multi factor Leadership Questionnaire; commonly called MLQ, developed by Bass Avolio (1990). The study will also make use of secondary sources of data such as relevant books in leadership and related areas. The data will be analysed with the help of descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis to find out the most relevant leadership styles and relationship of these leadership styles with the selected outcomes such as extra effort, effectiveness and satisfaction. According to my opinion, the MLQ holds well in studying leadership behaviour. Previous research shows that to study the leadership behaviours most of the researchers have adopted MLQ.The MLQ is valid and reliable and has been used extensively worldwide (Bass and Avolio, 1997; Whitelaw, 2001). It has proven to be a strong predictor of leader performance across a broad range of organisations (Bass and Avolio, 1997).The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (self-rated) is used to get evaluation of leadership behaviour and organizational effectiveness (Bass and Avolio, 2000). The MLQ is a questionnaire describing behaviour and employees performance outcomes, each rated on 5 point scale. It measure transformational, transactional leadership and employees performance outcomes like satisfaction, effectiveness and extra effort. The previous researchers have used MLQ which consists of two versions, one for the leader to complete, and one for the raters of the leaders to complete. The leaders complete a questionnaire describing their own leadership style, whilst the raters complete a questionnaire regarding the leadership style of their specific leader. These two versions consist of exactly the same statements, except that they are written from different perspectives. These two versions are known as the leader version and rater version respectively. I would be following the same approach. Reliability and validity are the statistical criteria used to assess whether the research provides a good measure (Whitelaw, 2001).The MLQ has been tested for reliability and validity in a number of settings (Pruijnand Boucher, 1994). The MLQ (Bass Avolio 2000) is one of the widely primary instruments used and accepted to measure transformational and transactional leadership styles.MLQ has gone through many revisions to strengthen its reliability and validity. Also more than 200 doctoral dissertations and master thesis have used the MLQ (Bass Avolio 2000). After collecting the data from the participants then SPSS software will be used for the data analysis. After recording the data into SPSS software, Descriptive statistic will be used to get the overall summary of the variables. In the table of descriptive statistic, the values of mean, Standard deviation and also the maximum and minimum values are obtained for leadership and performance variables which would define the response rate of the respondent. Descriptive statistical analyses will be performed to measure general demographic characteristics of the sample including age, gender, and years of tenure with the company. These analyses are unrelated to research questions or hypotheses but they are discretionary and exploratory in nature. The researcher believes that some of this demographic information may be useful and if any of the data proves interesting or significant in any way it may be an area for future research but it is not the focus of this study. Secondly, total scores wi ll be analyzed. Finally to test the hypotheses framed for the relationship between dependent and independent variables and to check the value that how much change comes in dependent variable due to independent variable, multiple regression analysis will be used.

Normality in Subcultures :: Sociology Sociological Papers

Normality in Subcultures My family's subculture in a larger subculture Once you are born, you become a part of a larger group. You will grow up starting at a point in your parent's life and then over time they or even you will change the direction of your families subculture in whatever country you all live in. In America, People strive for the best. Not all get it, but somehow or someone will push that family into a situation where they can move up in the world. Over the years America has came to a point where most jobs pay well and mostly anyone can be considered a middle class resident. In America this is considered normal to the general public. Being normal and striving to be normal is the focus most people try to reach within their lifetimes. Normality is a subculture in itself. My family wasn't always an upper middle class family. Starting with my grandparents, my mom's mother named Bonnie Langdon. She lived in what is a now West Bloomfield in Oakland county Michigan. She was a sister to 9 siblings and she attended a One-room schoolhouse. Bonnie's mother Betty Worked in the post office for 30 year and her father Harry drove an oil truck for about the same amount of years. They were mostly lower class but they did manage to get themselves more towards the middle class. Over the years bonnie my grandmother graduated from high school and started to work for Pontiac motor, which moved Bonnie up tom middle class. She met my grandfather Names Fred shortly after and married. My grandfather grew up in Redford Michigan with 3 other siblings. His mom was named Pearl and his father was named Fred. His mom was from Canada who liked to hold old traditions such as eating soft-boiled eggs and drinking tea for breakfast. My mother remembers That Pearl would make her eat them each time she came over and she hated them. Pearl was a housewife and his dad worked as a carpenter. His dad Fed worked with Henry ford the man. His father was the personal Carpenter for Henry ford. Over the years my grandfather graduated from High school in Redford and started to work for the Oakland county Road commission. Over the years Bonnie and Fred had a higher class than there parents and they became the norm in the family. After Bonnie Langdon and Fred wood met they married and had one daughter names Janet, my mother.

Chechen Refugee Camps and Education Essay

The creation of schools is one of the leading ways to produce hope and stability in refugee camps. Many would love to go to school because, currently they have no other option, but to teach themselves. Refugees can recall having great memories of their past school experiences, which they use as motivation to continue to learn. On account of my involvement with a refugee relief organization, I have been assigned the job of creating schools in the Chechen refugee camps of Chechnya. The primary means of survival and daily focus for these refugees have been through humanitarian aid. That assistance is made up of shelter, clothing, food, and basic necessities. Securing those fundamental desiderata for the camps has been a priority for continued existence. The steps for prosperous implementation of an education program are presented and discussed. When we look at successful communities, countries and cultivation, training is a key component to meet the immediate needs of its members and plan for long term sustainability and emergence for hereafter generations. According to Yusupov (2012), â€Å"when lack of educational opportunities comes into play, the very heart and foundation of communities begins to crumble and the ability to nurture and feed its residents is seriously at risk†(p.1). Everyone has the ambition and potential to become better, but without an education at what point can they start. Three Topics I Would Like to Better Understand Before Beginning the Project The final objective of the Chechens is to return to their country and homes day. It would be wise for the Russians and Chechens to make sure that everyone within the camp is very well educated so that they can be effective once they return home. It is important for the Chechens to be able to support their families, and that their children grow up educated, productive community citizens without the threat of future displacement to refugee  camps. The development of an education system in the refugee camps is an impressive yet intimidating task. For that reason, the three things that I would like to understand before obligating me to this project are: 1) How long are the refugee camps offered as a necessary placement for the Chechens to be located in, 2) How and when can I start compiling data on the education levels of all the refugees within the camp on the different subjects of reading, writing and math, 3) How would I start to find out the mental health problems of those due to the traumatic change in environment and lose of identity, 4) I would have to find suitable teachers, buildings, and who will be funding the program. Hopefully, there are suitable buildings because this will be another expense we would have to look at for funding purposes. Having a psychologist within the school would also help tremendously because many students need the counseling. All of these items are needed in order to get things in order for the start of the project. Of course, there will be other things that I would like to better understand, but those will come up in the progress of the work. Ethnocentric Challenges That May Arise When Planning the Project There have been ongoing and unresolved issues among the Russians and Chechens for many years. According to DeWaal (2002), â€Å"Russians believe that Islam has maintained a stronghold in Chechnya communities for many years†(p.1). The fighting has coerced Chechens into refugee camps, while trying to hold onto their cultures, traditions, and customs while surviving in very dif ficult conditions. With their surroundings already so violent and each group is trying to maintain their way of living, it creates frictions and ethnocentricity ways may arise. Culturally, it is known that Chechens is very ethnocentric. One of the ethnocentric challenges that I may encounter while planning the project is the attitudes of the Russians being so high because of the Chechens ethnocentrism. With all the work that I would have to do, am I able to give the dreams and desires to the consumers of the project. Is ethnocentrism such a challenge that it may inhibit the development of positive relationships between the Chechens and Russians to the point that the project would be in peril? With the school being such a positive influence in their community, I would have high hopes that they would agree to disagree and come to and understanding among each other. Many of the Chechens would be so happy that they have a place to call home they would  not worry about the animosity, but the Russians probably would not let down their guard to reconcile. Discussion of Types of Questions a Researcher Would Ask As the implementation plan for the development of an educational system in Chechen refugee camps begins to formulate, the types of questions I would ask are: 1) For both the parents and children, what are your dreams and desires for when you return home, 2) What subjects in school do you like the most and which do you like the least, 3) For project design, given the large numbers of refugees in camps, what is the most strategic way to design, implement and sustain an educational system, 4) Have attempts been made in the past to develop an educational system and, if so, what kept them from happening and becoming successful. Sukarieh and Tannock state that a large number of researchers and social service people visit the refugee camps, interviewed the residents, and rarely follow through on promises made (Sukarieh & Tannock, 2012). Finally, it is a key element to secure data and information related to the levels of trauma and psychological stress of the children in the refugee camps in order to assess readiness for education, exams, and ability to learn. There have been both short and long term impact of trauma on refugee children, and the mental health of children in refugee camps (Rosseau, Measham, Nadeau, 2012). These same authors found that schools can be an impetus for change and partner in the psychological healing of traumatized children in refugee camps; assisting in the detection of mental health issues because parents and other family members trust schools and teachers enough to disclose that type of personal information with them. Conclusion Sensitive introductory work must take place before the preliminary plan can be devised to develop, implement, and maintain an educational system in Chechen refugee camps. Many refugee residents have experienced a lack of educational opportunities for months or even years since their schools were destroyed by bombings and shelling’s over the course of the two wars. Preparing the camp citizens for the educational experience, and revitalizing or developing the skill sets necessary for school success, will be a major aspect of the preliminary work of project development. Promises have been  made and broken related to the possibility of bringing formal education to the refugee camps, bringing disappointment and sadness to the lives of young children and parents alike. Camp residents are wary of any similar plans, but are welcoming and anxious to have education available for anyone who desires to participate. It is necessary to know more about the promises made and broken by camp visitors, in order to begin to build trust and confidence that I can execute this plan for the refugees. Becoming immersed in the daily life, schedules and activities of the refugee camp residents will begin to build trust, and afford opportunities for discussion and gathering of data. At that time, it will be critical to engage key refugee camp leaders in the discussion, planning and development of the camps so they begin to take ownership in the project and create the impetus for hope and stability amongst the refugees. Accomplishing all these goals would allow my project to become a success and give Chechens refugee camps the ability to learn and become successful. References De Waal, T. (2002). Greetings from Gozny. Fighting for Chechnya: Is Islam a factor? Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/greetings-from-grozny/fighting-for-chechnya-is-islam-a-factor/3078/ Rousseau, C., Measham, T., & Nadeau, L. (2012). Addressing trauma in collaborative mental health care for refugee children. Retrieved from http://ccp.sagepub.com/content/18/1/121 Sukarieh, M. & Tannock, S. (2012). On the problem of over-researched communities: The case of the Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp in Lebanon. Retrieved from http://soc.sagepub.com/content/47/3/494 Yusupov, M. (2012). The social situation in the Chechen Republic: Problems and trends. Retrieved from http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/